Creative Commons and the Openness of Open Access

Abstract

There is currently unprecedented interest in quantifying variation in thermal physiology among organisms, especially in order to understand and predict the biological impacts of climate change. A key parameter in this quantification of thermal physiology is the performance or value of a rate, across individuals or species, at a common temperature (temperature normalisation). An increasingly popular model for fitting thermal performance curves to data-the Sharpe-Schoolfield equation-can yield strongly inflated estimates of temperature-normalised rate values. These deviations occur whenever a key thermodynamic assumption of the model is violated, i.e., when the enzyme governing the performance of the rate is not fully functional at the chosen reference temperature. Using data on 1,758 thermal performance curves across a wide range of species, we identify the conditions that exacerbate this inflation. We then demonstrate that these biases can compromise tests to detect metabolic cold adaptation, which requires comparison of fitness or rate performance of different species or genotypes at some fixed low temperature. Finally, we suggest alternative methods for obtaining unbiased estimates of temperature-normalised rate values for meta-analyses of thermal performance across species in climate change impact studies.

Las revistas científicas en América Latina hacia el camino del acceso abierto: un diagnóstico de políticas y estrategias editoriales

“…Los usuarios de estas obras deberían tener derecho a una amplia gama de actividades creativas tales como traducción, combinación, análisis, adaptación y preservación (Carroll, 2013). Por ello, las transformaciones del modelo de comunicación científica que propugna el Movimiento de Acceso Abierto dependen también de cambios en aspectos esenciales dentro de las políticas científicas e institucionales, incluyendo las políticas de derecho de autor.…”

Across Space and Time

“…For example, large-scale text-mining and automated entity identification techniques can be useful for building structured data and metadata from archaeological publications. If copyright owners (usually commercial publishers) withhold permission to apply these techniques, research insights gained from computational text analysis will be out of reach (Carroll 2013). …”

Enseigner en ligne au moyen d’un wiki : enjeux éthiques et choix technopédagogiques

“…Cet octroi se manifeste par la diffusion sous licence utilisateur, les licences Creative Commons étant vues comme les plus appropriées. En dépit de certaines réserves (Morrisson, 2012 : 49-61), il est généralement admis dans le monde de l'accès libre que la licence accordant la plus grande liberté, soit CC BY (attribution) est celle qui convient le mieux, en raison de la quasi-absence de contraintes et d'ambiguïtés (Carroll, 2013). C'est la licence que je souhaitais employer.…”