“…In the mid-1990s, the concept of the Creative City emerged from the policies of 'cultural quarters', blending it with "flagship projects", tourism, diverse festivals, and overall emphasis on urban planning centered around enhancing "the quality of life" (Landry et al, 1995;Hesmondhalgh et al, 2005, p. 4;Landry, 2008;Hesmondhalgh, 2008). When compared to the concept of creative industries and the creative class, the idea of a creative city was remarkably successful and gained broad acceptance among urban planners, politicians, and practitioners in the fields of art and culture (Whiting et al, 2022). Even during the 1980s and 1990s, cities were recognized as the new "economic powerhouses" capable of manipulating symbols and processing knowledge (O'Connor, 2007, p. 34).…”