Creation of the WATCH Forcing Data and Its Use to Assess Global and Regional Reference Crop Evaporation over Land during the Twentieth Century

Weedon, Graham P.; Gomes, Sandra; Viterbo, Pedro; Shuttleworth, W. James; Blyth, Eleanor; Österle, Hermann; Adam, J. C.; Bellouin, Nicolas; Boucher, Oliviér; Best, Martin

doi:10.1175/2011jhm1369.1

Cited by 817 publications

(777 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Three forcing data sets, S14FD (Appendix A), PFD [Sheffield et al, 2006], and WFD [Weedon et al, 2011], were used in this study. These forcing data sets were compared with HadEX2 in earlier years and used as the reference climatology in the bias correction of GCM data when the S14 database (section 2.3) was developed.…”

Section: Selected Retrospective Forcing Data Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A2.1.1. Surface Pressure The reanalysis surface pressure at the 0.5°CRU mean elevation (https://crudata.uea.ac.uk/~timm/grid/CRU_ TS_2_1.html) was calculated by incorporating the effect of elevation correction on the reanalysis temperature as in previous work [Ngo-Duc et al, 2005;Weedon et al, 2011Weedon et al, , 2014: …”

Section: /2017jd026613mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The correction methods applied to the surface pressure and air temperature were almost the same as those used in previous work [Ngo-Duc et al, 2005;Sheffield et al, 2006;Weedon et al, 2011Weedon et al, , 2014. For temperature, a recent work reports that discontinuities in daily time series across the boundaries of calendar months could occur due to the use of largely different monthly means for adjacent months when correcting reanalysis data [Rust et al, 2015].…”

Section: A3 Differences Between S14fd and Other Major Forcing Data Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although bias correction is an unavoidable procedure for using GCM outputs as the inputs of impact models, it is an additional source of uncertainty in climate risk assessments because different bias-correction methods and reference daily weather data sets often lead to different impact outcomes Hawkins et al, 2013;Seaby et al, 2015;Baker et al, 2016]. Global retrospective meteorological forcing data sets, a hybrid of reanalysis data and gridded observations [e.g., Sheffield et al, 2006;Hanasaki et al, 2008;Hirabayashi et al, 2008a;Weedon et al, 2011Weedon et al, , 2014Iizumi et al, 2014], are used as the reference climatology in impact communities when bias correction is conducted at the global scale [e.g., Hempel et al, 2013]. Earlier work examined the uncertainties in the projected climate extremes associated with Representative Concentration Pathways IIZUMI ET AL.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contributions of different bias‐correction methods and reference meteorological forcing data sets to uncertainty in projected temperature and precipitation extremes

et al. 2017

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The use of different bias‐correction methods and global retrospective meteorological forcing data sets as the reference climatology in the bias correction of general circulation model (GCM) daily data is a known source of uncertainty in projected climate extremes and their impacts. Despite their importance, limited attention has been given to these uncertainty sources. We compare 27 projected temperature and precipitation indices over 22 regions of the world (including the global land area) in the near (2021–2060) and distant future (2061–2100), calculated using four Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs), five GCMs, two bias‐correction methods, and three reference forcing data sets. To widen the variety of forcing data sets, we developed a new forcing data set, S14FD, and incorporated it into this study. The results show that S14FD is more accurate than other forcing data sets in representing the observed temperature and precipitation extremes in recent decades (1961–2000 and 1979–2008). The use of different bias‐correction methods and forcing data sets contributes more to the total uncertainty in the projected precipitation index values in both the near and distant future than the use of different GCMs and RCPs. However, GCM appears to be the most dominant uncertainty source for projected temperature index values in the near future, and RCP is the most dominant source in the distant future. Our findings encourage climate risk assessments, especially those related to precipitation extremes, to employ multiple bias‐correction methods and forcing data sets in addition to using different GCMs and RCPs.

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Section: Selected Retrospective Forcing Data Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: /2017jd026613mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A3 Differences Between S14fd and Other Major Forcing Data Setsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Contributions of different bias‐correction methods and reference meteorological forcing data sets to uncertainty in projected temperature and precipitation extremes

et al. 2017

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“…Bias-corrections of daily temperature, precipitation, and wind speed were done using quantile mapping (Piani et al 2010). GCMs projections were simultaneously re-gridded to the 0.5°×0.5° grid of the Climatic Research Unit of the University of East Anglia (CRU) and bias-corrected to the reference data set of WATCH Forcing Data (WFD) (Weedon 2011) for the period 1960-1999.…”

Section: Climate Change Scenariosmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preserving the world second largest hypersaline lake under future irrigation and climate change

Shadkam

Ludwig

Vliet

et al. 2016

Science of The Total Environment

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Abstract. Urmia Lake, the world second largest hypersaline lake, has been largely desiccated over the last two decades resulting in socio-environmental consequences similar or even larger than the Aral Sea disaster. To rescue the lake a new water management plan has been proposed, a rapid 40% decline in irrigation water use replacing a former plan which intended to develop reservoirs and irrigation. However, none of these water management plans, which have large socio-economic impacts, have been assessed under future changes in climate and water availability. By adapting a method of environmental flow requirements (EFRs) for hypersaline lakes, we estimated annually 3.7•10 9 m 3 water is needed to preserve Urmia Lake. Then, the Variable Infiltration Capacity (VIC) hydrological model was forced with bias-corrected climate model outputs for both the lowest (RCP2.6) and highest (RCP8.5) greenhouse-gas concentration scenarios to estimate future water availability and impacts of water management strategies. Results showed a 10% decline in future water availability in the basin under RCP2.6 and 27% under RCP8.5. Our results showed that if future climate change is highly limited (RCP2.6) inflow can be just enough to meet the EFRs by implementing the reduction irrigation plan. However, under more rapid climate change scenario (RCP8.5) reducing irrigation water use will not be enough to save the lake and more drastic measures are needed. Our results showed that future water management plans are not robust under climate change in this region. Therefore, an integrated approach of future land-water use planning and climate change adaptation is therefore needed to improve future water security and to reduce the desiccating of this hypersaline lake.

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Estimating impacts of lichens and bryophytes on global biogeochemical cycles

Porada

Weber

Elbert

et al. 2014

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

115

107

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Lichens and bryophytes may significantly affect global biogeochemical cycles by fixation of nitrogen and biotic enhancement of surface weathering rates. Most of the studies suggesting these effects, however, are either conceptual or rely on upscaling of regional estimates to obtain global numbers. Here we use a different method, based on estimates of net carbon uptake, to quantify the impacts of lichens and bryophytes on biogeochemical cycles at the global scale. We focus on three processes, namely, nitrogen fixation, phosphorus uptake, and chemical weathering. Our estimates have the form of potential rates, which means that we quantify the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus needed by the organisms to build up biomass, also accounting for resorption and leaching of nutrients. Subsequently, we use potential phosphorus uptake on bare ground to estimate chemical weathering by the organisms, assuming that they release weathering agents to obtain phosphorus. The predicted requirement for nitrogen ranges from 3.5 to 34 Tg yr −1 and for phosphorus it ranges from 0.46 to 4.6 Tg yr −1 . Estimates of chemical weathering are between 0.058 and 1.1 km 3 yr −1 of rock. These values seem to have a realistic order of magnitude, and they support the notion that lichens and bryophytes have the potential to play an important role for biogeochemical cycles.

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Creation of the WATCH Forcing Data and Its Use to Assess Global and Regional Reference Crop Evaporation over Land during the Twentieth Century

Cited by 817 publications

References 44 publications

Contributions of different bias‐correction methods and reference meteorological forcing data sets to uncertainty in projected temperature and precipitation extremes

Contributions of different bias‐correction methods and reference meteorological forcing data sets to uncertainty in projected temperature and precipitation extremes

Preserving the world second largest hypersaline lake under future irrigation and climate change

Estimating impacts of lichens and bryophytes on global biogeochemical cycles

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