“…For irradiation with protons, neutrons, or ionized deuterium atoms, damage from such knock-on-atoms can be severe. Similar lattice damage occurs from ion implantation of various species such as nitrogen (Fávaro de Oliveira et al, 2017;Naydenov et al, 2010;Yamamoto et al, 2013b), carbon (Naydenov et al, 2010;Schwartz et al, 2011), and helium nuclei (Himics et al, 2014;Kleinsasser et al, 2016;McCloskey et al, 2014;Schwartz et al, 2011;Waldermann et al, 2007). Electrons, with their lower mass, transfer less kinetic energy to the carbon atoms and are therefore better suited to creating isolated monovacancies.…”