“…The concept of social capital of sub-national actors cannot be separated from the historical, political, economic, and social conditions of the region, as the concept is based on the bottom-up method as successfully implemented by the European Union in applying regional integration (Panara, 2015;Prado, 2007). It is a necessary and pressing intention to build ASEAN integration by creating social capital of sub-national actors with the resources to build an integrated ASEAN community, especially from the lowest level (Affandi & Mursitama, 2018). However, the challenges remain significant, including defining the scale and framework of work that can be identified within the sub-regional cooperation (Karim, 2019).…”