Creating Statutory Remuneration Rights in Copyright Law: What Policy Options Under the International Legal Framework?

Geiger, Christophe; Bulayenko, Oleksandr

doi:10.2139/ssrn.3722108

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 12 publications

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“…Окремі учені стверджують, що ексклюзивність повинна бути домінуючою моделлю регулювання тільки там і в тій мірі, в якій інші, неексклюзивні схеми не можуть досягти таких самих або навіть кращих результатів та/або створити більш сприятливі наслідки для суспільства в цілому, що не обов'язково означає безкоштовність доступу або використання, якщо ексклюзивність спричиняє неоптимальні ефекти, натомість елемент власності може зберігатися тому, що користувач зобов'язаний платити за привілей необмеженого доступу (Kur & Schovsbo, 2011). Деякі науковці зазначають, що законодавчо визначені права на винагороду поступово привертають увагу політиків як регуляторні інструменти, оскільки вони становлять середину між ексклюзивністю та безкоштовним використанням (Geiger, & Bulayenko, 2022). Інші учені бачать недо-Право та інноваційне суспільство -Law and innovative society 2023, 2(21), 10-20, https://doi.org/10.37772/2309-9275-2023-2(21)-1 ліки і в системі винагороди, запропонованій Директивою стосовно ексклюзивних прав (Mantrov et al, 2022).…”

Section: обговорення результатівunclassified

License agreements for the use of users’ intellectual property in the digital market

Shmatkov

2023

LAIS

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Digital platforms widely implement standard license agreements, according to which users grant them certain rights. And being today at an understandable stage of the establishment of these processes, several urgent questions arise – to what extent the content of such contracts is regulated at the national and international levels, how the provisions of regulatory documents are reflected in license agreements between users and platforms, how the standards for these documents take into account the needs of stakeholders. The purpose of the presented study is to determine the content of standard provisions of non-exclusive licenses offered by digital platforms, for certain industries, taking into account the norms of national and international legal documents and taking into account the balancing of the needs of interested parties. To achieve the purpose of this research, the method of scientific and legal analysis of normative documents, literature, and license agreements presented on digital platforms, as well as scientific methods of comparison and generalization, were used. Licenses are compared according to the following criteria: name, type of license, intellectual property objects, granted rights (separately – the right to grant sublicenses), term of validity, territory of validity, availability of royalties, possibility of revocation, guarantees of purity of works from third-party rights. The content of such a license is defined, which takes into account the interests of all parties in accordance with the laws and the technical needs and capabilities of the platforms. There are still unsettled aspects of the above, including at the international level – these issues may become the subject for further research. Although the digital platforms analyzed in the article are characterized by different functional features, content, target audience, etc., the proposals can be implemented regardless of these differences, but with the addition of provisions relevant to the specifics of the platform.

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Section: обговорення результатівunclassified

License agreements for the use of users’ intellectual property in the digital market

Shmatkov

2023

LAIS

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Elaborating a Human Rights-Friendly Copyright Framework for Generative AI

Geiger

2024

IIC

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As works are increasingly produced by machines using artificial intelligence (AI) systems, with a result that is often difficult to distinguish from that of a human creator, the question of what should be the appropriate response of the legal system and, in particular, of the copyright system has become central. If the generator of copyright protection has traditionally been the author’s creative input, AI forces us to reassess what in the creative process is special in human creativity and where the creative input lies in AI-generated works. But it also poses more fundamental questions on what the copyright system should achieve and who/what it should protect. In particular, since many human authors will potentially face the competition of these AI machines on the market, new ways of remunerating creators will have to be imagined while making sure that the copyright system does not stand in the way of these important technological developments.This contribution analyses the copyright issues related to so-called “generative AI” systems and reviews the arguments currently being advanced to change the copyright regime for AI-generated works. To do so, the underlying human rights framing intellectual property laws are used as the starting point from which a balanced copyright framework for generative AI could (and even should) be derived. It follows from the applicable human rights framework for copyright, but also from the anthropocentric approach of human rights, that the protection of creators and human creativity must be considered the point of reference when assessing future reforms with regard to copyright and generative AI systems. This approach establishes generative AI systems as an instrument of the human creator – and not as a substitute. It also reinforces the notion that copyright should be a tool to protect creativity and creators, not a legal mechanism to secure the amortization of economic investments in AI technology. As a consequence, it is argued that the copyrightability of AI-generated outputs should be considered with utmost care and only when AI is used as a technical tool for creators in their creation process – in other words, when they can serve a human author. At the same time, AI systems are here to stay, and their development should not be inhibited, as they can have many beneficial aspects (including for creators) if appropriately regulated.The right to train generative AI systems via machine learning technology can be derived from the right to science and culture and freedom of (artistic) expression (Arts. 19 and 27(1) Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR); Art. 15(1)(a) and (b) International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR); Arts. 11 and 13 EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (EUCFR)), as AI can lead to useful advances in science and the arts; moreover, it is important for human creators to be able to use outputs produced by generative AI in their creative process. This grounding is even stronger when the training is conducted for research purposes, as the training process can then also benefit from the fundamental right-to-research justification. However, since a large quantity of copyrighted works is required for the training of generative AI systems, a remuneration obligation for these uses arises from a human rights perspective, in particular when AI systems have a commercial purpose. It follows from the right to the protection of the creator’s moral and material interests (Arts. 27(2) and 17 UDHR, 15(1)(c) ICESCR; 17(2) EUCFR, 1 Protocol No. 1, 8 European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)) that authors must be adequately remunerated for the commercial use of their works unless there is a strong justification legitimizing the use. For this reason, it is proposed that the machine learning process using copyright-protected works to train the AI gives rise to a limitation-based remuneration right to the benefit of human creators. The article also briefly explores if and when the moral interest of creators deriving from human rights protection could justify their opposition to the use of their work for the purpose of training AI systems. It is argued that the weaker the fundamental rights claim to train the AI is, the stronger the moral rights claim could be. For example, training an AI to produce works for discriminatory or racist purposes will benefit from a weaker (if any) fundamental rights protection, but will potentially raise important moral concerns of the author of the work used for training purposes. More generally, the article concludes that in order to secure a vibrant space for culture and creativity, (finally) cherishing and putting the Human Author at the center of the copyright system is necessary (and not only to erect fences to the benefit of copyright industries, which could be the unfortunate result of the recent first broad regulatory intervention on AI by the EU, the so-called “Artificial Intelligence Act”). In doing so, it might be possible in the future to have AI-systems that serve creators and creativity, and not the other way around.

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Creating Statutory Remuneration Rights in Copyright Law: What Policy Options Under the International Legal Framework?

Cited by 2 publications

References 12 publications

License agreements for the use of users’ intellectual property in the digital market

License agreements for the use of users’ intellectual property in the digital market

Elaborating a Human Rights-Friendly Copyright Framework for Generative AI

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