“…Cities develop the potential of technologies to identify smart and sustainable solutions in order to improve the quality of life, promoting smartness as a human-centred vision to urban development and innovation in management, governance and policy options, shaping smart urban communities as better places for life, work and play (Lara, Da Costa, Furlan and Yigitcanlar, 2016;Nam and Pardo, 2011). Sustainable urban development relies on a smart city as engine of public value creation (Pardo, Gil-Garcia, Gascó-Hernández, Cook and Choi, 2021), «using a healthy mixture of smart people, policies and technologies» (Yigitcanlar et al, 2019, p. 360). Smart cities develop open innovation (Paskaleva, 2011), empowering the citizen as a proactive co-producer of inclusive and sustainable urban growth, innovation and policies (Martin, Evans and Karvonen, 2018).…”