Creating Built Environments That Expand Active Transportation and Active Living Across the United States: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association

Young, Deborah Rohm; Cradock, Angie L.; Eyler, Amy A.; Fenton, Mark; Pedroso, Margo; Sallis, James F.; Whitsel, Laurie

doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000878

Cited by 44 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…Obesity and related chronic diseases increase mortality risk in COVID-19 patients ( Dietz & Santos‐Burgoa, 2020 ). Active travel between destinations and the engagement in physical activity at destinations such as parks, home, the gym, and other destinations can help to reduce morbidity and risk of mortality from chronic disease ( Frank, Iroz-Elardo et al, 2019 ; Schmid et al, 2015 ; Young et al, 2020 ). From a sustainability and health perspective ( Bivina, Gupta, & Parida, 2020 ; Chan, Schwanen, & Banister, 2021 ), these links in the literature have served as key foundations for designing lasting population-level interventions to combat inactivity ( Sallis, Cerin et al, 2016 ) and obesity and the onslaught of diabetes ( Mokdad et al, 2000 ) and heart disease; two of the most significant epidemics mankind has ever seen ( WHO, 2018 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treating two pandemics for the price of one: Chronic and infectious disease impacts of the built and natural environment

Frank

Wali²

2021

Sustainable Cities and Society

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Compact walkable environments with greenspace support physical activity and reduce the risk for depression and several obesity-related chronic diseases, including diabetes and heart disease. Recent evidence confirms that these chronic diseases increase the severity of COVID-19 infection and mortality risk. Conversely, denser transit supportive environments may increase risk of exposure to COVID-19 suggesting the potential for contrasting chronic versus infectious disease impacts of community design. A handful of recent studies have examined links between density and COVID-19 mortality rates reporting conflicting results. Population density has been used as a surrogate of urban form to capture the degree of walkability and public transit versus private vehicle travel demand. The current study employs a broader range of built environment features (density, design, and destination accessibility) and assesses how chronic disease mediates the relationship between built and natural environment and COVID-19 mortality. Negative and significant relationships are observed between built and natural environment features and COVID-19 mortality when accounting for the mediating effect of chronic disease. Findings underscore the importance of chronic disease when assessing relationships between COVID-19 mortality and community design. Based on a rigorous simulation-assisted random parameter path analysis framework, we further find that the relationships between COVID-19 mortality, obesity, and key correlates exhibit significant heterogeneity. Ignoring this heterogeneity in highly aggregate spatial data can lead to incorrect conclusions with regards to the relationship between built environment and COVID-19 transmission. Results presented here suggest that creating walkable environments with greenspace is associated with reduced risk of chronic disease and/or COVID-19 infection and mortality.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Treating two pandemics for the price of one: Chronic and infectious disease impacts of the built and natural environment

Frank

Wali²

2021

Sustainable Cities and Society

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“…For example, the effects of buildings, street design, and urban morphology on atmospheric dispersion, and their interactions with tree canopies, play a significant role in atmospheric pollutant concentrations (Han et al, 2020). Integrating trees into the built environment may also facilitate interventions to increase active transportation (Tsai et al, 2019;Young et al, 2020). Overall, we conclude that is difficult to significantly offset urban GHG and atmospheric pollution with localized tree planting, given the magnitude of emissions in modern cities.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

The Benefits and Limits of Urban Tree Planting for Environmental and Human Health

et al. 2021

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Many of the world’s major cities have implemented tree planting programs based on assumed environmental and social benefits of urban forests. Recent studies have increasingly tested these assumptions and provide empirical evidence for the contributions of tree planting programs, as well as their feasibility and limits, for solving or mitigating urban environmental and social issues. We propose that current evidence supports local cooling, stormwater absorption, and health benefits of urban trees for local residents. However, the potential for urban trees to appreciably mitigate greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution over a wide array of sites and environmental conditions is limited. Consequently, urban trees appear to be more promising for climate and pollution adaptation strategies than mitigation strategies. In large part, this is due to space constraints limiting the extent of urban tree canopies relative to the current magnitude of emissions. The most promising environmental and health impacts of urban trees are those that can be realized with well-stewarded tree planting and localized design interventions at site to municipal scales. Tree planting at these scales has documented benefits on local climate and health, which can be maximized through targeted site design followed by monitoring, adaptive management, and studies of long-term eco-evolutionary dynamics.

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“…Garnham et al (2017) reportan que la distancia a la escuela es un riesgo para transporte pasivo. mayormente si viven en estratos socioeconómicos bajos (OR: 3.54, CI: 1.17-10.72), situación presente en los escolares de nuestro estudio, donde se conjugan dos determinantes sociales, una institución escolar alejada de la vivienda del niño y un ambiente con menor probabilidad de ciclo vías, parques, senderos adecuados y seguridad social, que disminuyen el desplazamiento activo a la escuela, en general, las personas que viven en comunidades de escasos recursos están rodeadas por áreas que no fomentan el transporte activo (Young et al, 2020). Lo anterior, es importante comprender si se considera que el desplazamiento activo puede favorecer el fortalecimiento de las relaciones sociales entre las comunidades y, por lo tanto, la percepción de seguridad individual y colectiva (Lu, McKyer, Lee, Ory, Goodson, & Wang, 2015).…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Transporte activo: distancia entre el hogar y la escuela (Active transportation: distance between home and school)

Pinillos-Patiño¹,

Herazo-Beltrán²,

Tocora-Andrade³

et al. 2021

Retos

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La distancia hacia la escuela es el principal predictor del tipo de transporte que utilicen los escolares durante su desplazamiento a la institución educativa. El objetivo de este estudio es establecer la relación entre el trasporte activo y la distancia desde el hogar al centro educativo en población estudiantil en la región caribe colombiana. El diseño es de corte transversal en 3067 escolares de básica primaria matriculados en los grados de primero a quinto; se aplicó una encuesta a los padres de familia que midió el tipo de transporte hacia el colegio, la distancia entre la casa y la escuela, al tiempo que destina cada niño durante este recorrido, la existencia de vehículos en el hogar. Se consideró transporte activo al colegio, el desplazamiento en bicicleta y caminando. El 51.3% de los escolares usa un transporte activo para desplazarse de la casa al colegio, el 36.5% reside a una distancian mayor a 1,5 km de la escuela. Es mayor la probabilidad de usar transporte pasivo en distancias mayores a 1500 metros [OR=1,55 (IC 95% 1.34-1.8)]; en recorridos mayores de 15 minutos [OR=1.25 (IC 95% 1.1-1.45)]; y cuando en la familia se tiene vehículo [OR=4.04 (IC 95% 3.4-4.7)]. El transporte activo en la etapa escolar se relaciona con la distancia que se recorre para trasladarse del hogar a la escuela diariamente. Estos resultados contribuyen a diseñar intervenciones intersectoriales e interdisciplinares que incrementen los desplazamientos de los niños hacia modos activos. Abstract. Distance to school is the main predictor of the type of transport used by schoolchildren during their trip to the educational institution. The objective of this study was to establish the relationship between active transportation and the distance from home to the educational center in the student population in the Colombian Caribbean region. The design is cross-sectional in 3,067 elementary school students enrolled in grades one through five; a survey was applied to parents that measured the type of transportation to the school, the distance between the house and the school, the time each child spends during this journey, the existence of vehicles in the home. Active transportation to school, cycling, and walking were considered. 51.3% of schoolchildren use active transportation to get from home to school, 36.5% live at a distance greater than 1.5 km from the school. The probability of using motorized transport over distances greater than 1500 meters is greater [OR = 1.55 (95% CI 1.34-1.8)]; in runs longer than 15 minutes [OR = 1.25 (95% CI 1.1-1.45)]; and when the family has a vehicle [OR = 4.04 (95% CI 3.4-4.7)]. Active transportation in the school stage is related to the distance traveled to get from home to school daily. These results contribute to designing intersectoral and interdisciplinary interventions that increase children's movements towards active modes.

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Creating Built Environments That Expand Active Transportation and Active Living Across the United States: A Policy Statement From the American Heart Association

Cited by 44 publications

References 50 publications

Treating two pandemics for the price of one: Chronic and infectious disease impacts of the built and natural environment

Treating two pandemics for the price of one: Chronic and infectious disease impacts of the built and natural environment

The Benefits and Limits of Urban Tree Planting for Environmental and Human Health

Transporte activo: distancia entre el hogar y la escuela (Active transportation: distance between home and school)

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