“…Rickman & Wang, 2023).5 We do not adjust income for prices because state implicit price deflators are only available from 2008 and the use of the US consumer price index would not affect variable coefficients in a cross-sectional growth regression.6 https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-people.html 7 State expenditures and taxes are from the Annual Survey of Government Finances: Urban Institute-http:// slfdqs.taxpolicycenter.org/pages.cfm.8 In 2017, across the nation, total own-source revenues equaled 19.2 percent of personal income, while current direct expenditures equaled 19.6 percent.9 We use the program package Synth in Stata to perform the SCM analysis http://web.stanford.edu/~jhain/ synthpage.html.10 The states are Arizona, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Kansas, Nevada, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Washington, and Wisconsin.11 11 of the 14 states are reported byPartridge and Rickman (2006) in structural vector autoregression analysis as having population growth dominated by labor supply over the period 1970-1998; the three exceptions are Connecticut, Oregon, and Wisconsin.…”