Creatine kinase MM TaqI and methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase C677T and A1298C gene polymorphisms influence exercise-induced C-reactive protein levels

Abstract

Physical training induces beneficial adaptations, but exhausting exercise increases reactive oxygen species, which can cause muscular injuries with consequent inflammatory processes, implying jeopardized performance and possibly overtraining. Acute strenuous exercise almost certainly exceeds the benefits of physical activity; it can compromise performance and may contribute to increased future risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in athletes. Polymorphisms in the muscle-type creatine kinase (CK-MM) gene may influence performance and adaptation to training, while many potentially significant genetic variants are reported as risk factors for CVD. Therefore, we investigated the influence of polymorphisms in CK-MM TaqI and NcoI, methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR C677T and A1298C) and C-reactive protein (CRP G1059C) genes on exercise-induced damage and inflammation markers. Blood samples were taken immediately after a race (of at least 4 km) that took place outdoors on flat tracks, and were submitted to genotyping and biochemical evaluation of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), CK, CRP and high-sensitivity CRP (hs-CRP). CK-MM TaqI polymorphism significantly influenced results of AST, CK and hs-CRP, and an association between MTHFR C677T and A1298C with CRP level was found, although these levels did not exceed reference values. Results indicate that these polymorphisms can indirectly influence performance, contribute to higher susceptibility to exercise-induced inflammation or protection against it, and perhaps affect future risks of CVD in athletes.

Anti-inflammatory Effect of Antioxidant Pequi (Caryocar Brasiliense) Oil Capsules and Antioxidant Effect of Vitamin D and Physical Activity on Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Patients

“…Another important finding was the significant difference in the DDI between physical activity practitioners and non-practitioners observed in this study. Regular physical activity, besides functioning as an antioxidant to increase the expression of antioxidant enzymes, also induces a systemic increase in many cytokines with antiinflammatory properties that protect against chronic disorders associated with low-grade systemic inflammation [39][40][41][42]. Therefore, results also confirm the protective effect of physical activity against oxidative stress.…”

Genetic variation and exercise-induced muscle damage: implications for athletic performance, injury and ageing

“…However, Heled et al ( 2007 ) revealed that NcoI AA homozygotes had a sixfold higher risk of being a high responder of circulating CK to eccentric exercise than GG or AG genotypes. Other studies do not support a role for the Ncol SNP of the muscle creatine kinase gene in explaining the CK variability between individuals (Miranda-Vilela et al 2012 ; Yamin et al 2010 ). However, the mechanism remains poorly understood and is confounded by the different methodological designs implemented by researchers.…”

“…Further studies with several other muscle damage markers such as muscle strength loss and soreness could provide a better physiological/systems-based understanding of the influence of this NcoI SNP on exertional muscle damage. An additional restriction fragment length polymorphism, the TaqI SNP of the muscle creatine kinase gene, has been shown to be in strong linkage disequilibrium with the NcoI SNP (Miranda-Vilela et al 2012 ). The TaqI 1-2 genotype has indicated a lower risk for inflammation after a track event between 4 and 21 km, whereby the participants could choose their preferential distance.…”

Influence of Creatine Kinase on C-Reactive Protein in Muscle Adaptation

“…17 Despite the numerous studies that focus on adaptive responses as a result of muscle strength training and biomarkers analyzed separately in blood plasma, there is little information about the mechanisms influencing CK under the reduction of CRP after long-term RT. In this context, we observe the study of Miranda-Vilela et al, 18 that deduces a possible influence between these biomarkers. On the occasion, the authors evaluated 135 individuals of both sexes and different age groups (15-58 years) after a race training and investigated the influence of the CK polymorphisms (CK TaqI) under the PCR gene (PCR G1059C), where both genes are induced by physical exercise and inflammation.…”