Crassulacean acid metabolism

Gilman, Ian S.; Edwards, Erika J.

doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.11.073

Cited by 27 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Cactaceae in Australia; Ellenberg, 1952; Kadereit et al ., 2014). However, other studies suggest reasons such as fire or biogeographic barriers for their absence (Hancock et al ., 2019; Ringelberg et al ., 2020; Gilman & Edwards, 2020).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The overall distribution of (Cernusak et al, 2013). These plants, usually C 3 -CAM intermediates, are suggested to either perform day-time and night-time CO 2 uptake or use CAM for significant portions of their lifetime (Gilman & Edwards, 2020).…”

Section: Isotopic Analysis Of Leaf Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This fact may have led to a general incompatibility and an early evolutionary separation between CAM and C 4 photosynthesis with exceptions such as in the genus Portulaca (purslanes, Portulacaceae) in which C 4 and weak CAM photosynthesis is reported to occur in distinct regions of the same leaf (Holtum et al ., 2017). Several succulent plant lineages have independently evolved CAM from C 3 photosynthetic ancestral forms (Gilman & Edwards, 2020). These include the cacti (Cactaceae) and the agaves ( Agave ) in the New World, and the spurges ( Euphorbia ) and the ice plants (Aizoaceae) in Africa (Veste & Thiede, 2004; Arakaki et al ., 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The eco‐evolutionary significance of rainfall constancy for facultative CAM photosynthesis

et al. 2021

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A flexible use of the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) has been hypothesised to represent an intermediate stage along a C 3 to full CAM evolutionary continuum, when relative contributions of C 3 vs CAM metabolism are co-determined by evolutionary history and prevailing environmental constraints. However, evidence for such eco-evolutionary interdependencies is lacking. We studied these interdependencies for the leaf-succulent genus Drosanthemum (Aizoaceae, Southern African Succulent Karoo) by testing for relationships between leaf d 13 C diagnostic for CAM dependence (i.e. contribution of C 3 and CAM to net carbon gain), and climatic variables related to temperature and precipitation and their temporal variation. We further quantified the effects of shared phylogenetic ancestry on CAM dependence and its relation to climate. CAM dependence is predicted by rainfall and its temporal variation, with high predictive power of rainfall constancy (temporal entropy). The predictive power of rainfall seasonality and temperature-related variables was negligible. Evolutionary history of the tested clades significantly affected the relationship between rainfall constancy and CAM dependence. We argue that higher CAM dependence might provide an adaptive advantage in increasingly unpredictable rainfall environments when the anatomic exaptation (succulence) is already present. These observations might shed light on the evolution of full CAM.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Isotopic Analysis Of Leaf Samplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The eco‐evolutionary significance of rainfall constancy for facultative CAM photosynthesis

et al. 2021

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“…The nocturnal accumulation of malic acid by CAM and the daily synthesis of carbohydrates together increase the osmotic pressure in the vacuole of parenchyma cells, driving water into the cells and resulting in stem swelling during the day. The accumulation of inert osmolytes prevents any drastic metabolic effect so that cells can withstand stress ( Scalisi et al, 2016 ; Wai et al, 2017 ; Gilman and Edwards, 2020 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anatomy, Flow Cytometry, and X-Ray Tomography Reveal Tissue Organization and Ploidy Distribution in Long-Term In Vitro Cultures of Melocactus Species

et al. 2020

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Cacti have a highly specialized stem that enables survival during extended dry periods. Despite the ornamental value of cacti and the fact that stems represent the main source of explants in tissue culture, there are no studies on their morpho-anatomical and cytological characteristics in Melocactus . The present study seeks to address the occurrence of cells with mixed ploidy level in cacti tissues. Specifically, we aim to understand how Melocactus stem tissue is organized, how mixoploidy is distributed when present, and whether detected patterns of ploidy change after long periods of in vitro culture. To analyze tissue organization, Melocactus glaucescens and Melocactus paucispinus plants that had been germinated and cultivated in vitro were analyzed for stem structure using toluidine blue, Xylidine Ponceau, Periodic Acid Schiff, ruthenium red, and acid floroglucin. To investigate patterns of ploidy, apical, medial, and basal zones of the stem, as well as, periphery, cortex, and stele (vascular tissue and pith) regions of the stem and root apexes from four- and ten-year old cultured in vitro were analyzed by flow cytometry. X-ray micro-computed tomography (XRµCT) was performed with fragments of stems from both species. The scarcity of support elements ( i.e. , sclereids and fibers) indicates that epidermis, hypodermis, and wide-band tracheids present in cortical vascular bundles and stele, as well as water stored in aquifer parenchyma cells along the cortex, provide mechanical support to the stem. Parenchyma cells increase in volume with a four-fold increase in ploidy. M. glaucescens and M. paucispinus exhibit the same pattern of cell ploidy irrespective of topophysical region or age, but there is a marked difference in ploidy between the stem periphery (epidermis and hypodermis), cortex, stele, and roots. Mixoploidy in Melocactus is not related to the age of the culture, but is a developmental trait, whereby endocycles promote cell differentiation to accumulate valuable water.

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“…Fortunately, up to now, more than 400 plant genomes were sequenced (collected in plaBiPD, https://www.plabipd.de/index.ep), which provided us an excellent opportunity to resolve the origin and convergent evolution of C4 and CAM in plants [4,11,26]. In present study, we extracted PEPC genes from 17 omics data, which consisted of C3, C4 and CAM species across algae, bryophytes, pteridophytes, gymnosperms and angiosperms, and reconstructed the evolutionary history and molecular convergence of PEPC genes in C4 and CAM plants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Convergent Molecular Evolution of PEPC Gene Family in C4 and CAM Plants

Shu¹,

Yan²,

Wang³

2020

Preprint

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Background: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), as the key enzyme in initial carbon fixation of C4 and crassulacean acid mechanism (CAM) pathways, was thought to undergo convergent adaptive changes resulted in the convergent evolution of C4 and CAM photosynthesis in vascular plants. However, the integral evolutionary history and convergence of PEPC in plants remained lack of understanding. Results: In present study, we identified the members of PEPC gene family across green plants with genomic data, found ten conserved motifs and modeled three-dimensional protein structures of 90 plant-type PEPC genes. After reconstructed PEPC gene family tree and reconciled with species tree, we found PEPC genes occurred 71 gene duplications and 16 gene losses, which might result from whole-genome duplication events in plants. Based on the integral phylogenetic tree of PEPC gene family, we detected four convergent evolution sites of PEPC in C4 species but no one in CAM species. Conclusions: PEPC gene family was ubiquitous and highly conservative in green plants. After originated from gene duplication of ancestral C3-PEPC, C4-PEPC isoforms underwent convergent molecular substitution that facilitated the convergent evolution of C4 photosynthesis in Angiosperms, but PEPC gene did not exist molecular convergence corresponded to the multiple independent evolution of CAM photosynthesis. Our findings help to understand the origin and evolution of C4 and CAM pathways and shed new light on the adaptation of plants in drought and high-temperature habitats.

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Crassulacean acid metabolism

Cited by 27 publications

References 13 publications

The eco‐evolutionary significance of rainfall constancy for facultative CAM photosynthesis

The eco‐evolutionary significance of rainfall constancy for facultative CAM photosynthesis

Anatomy, Flow Cytometry, and X-Ray Tomography Reveal Tissue Organization and Ploidy Distribution in Long-Term In Vitro Cultures of Melocactus Species

Convergent Molecular Evolution of PEPC Gene Family in C4 and CAM Plants

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