Crash reconstruction of pedestrian accidents using optimization techniques

Untaroiu, Costin D.; Meissner, Mark; Crandall, Jeffrey Richard; Takahashi, Yoshitomo; Okamoto, Masayoshi; Ito, Osamu

doi:10.1016/j.ijimpeng.2008.01.012

Cited by 96 publications

(51 citation statements)

References 26 publications

(34 reference statements)

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“…49,54 Since the strain rate effect of bone is not well-understood, more mechanical tests (e.g., coupon tests 25 ) in various loading (compression, tension, and shear) and rates are recommended. Using these new test data, parameters of an existing material model with strain-rate effect could be identified using FE simulations and optimization 53,56 or a new material model can be defined in FE software. 23 These strain rate dependent material models will definitely extend the applicability range of the bone models from automotive applications towards quasi-static and blast loadings which correspond to lower and higher deformation rates than those observed in automotive impacts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb for Simulating Automotive Impacts

2012

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A finite element (FE) model of a vehicle occupant's lower limb was developed in this study to improve understanding of injury mechanisms during traffic crashes. The reconstructed geometry of a male volunteer close to the anthropometry of a 50th percentile male was meshed using mostly hexahedral and quadrilateral elements to enhance the computational efficiency of the model. The material and structural properties were selected based on a synthesis of current knowledge of the constitutive models for each tissue. The models of the femur, tibia, and leg were validated against Post-Mortem Human Surrogate (PMHS) data in various loading conditions which generates the bone fractures observed in traffic accidents. The model was then used to investigate the tolerances of femur and tibia under axial compression and bending. It was shown that the bending moment induced by the axial force reduced the bone tolerance significantly more under posterior-anterior (PA) loading than under anterior-posterior (AP) loading. It is believed that the current lower limb models could be used in defining advanced injury criteria of the lower limb and in various applications as an alternative to physical testing, which may require complex setups and high cost.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb for Simulating Automotive Impacts

2012

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“…The THUMS lower limb model showed good agreement with post mortem human subjects (PMHS) test data of static bending and dynamic impact in the validations with the maximum relative errors within ±15% (Shigeta et al, 2009). The THUMS model was configured in six gait cycle stances based on the previous study (Untaroiu et al, 2009) and these were used to assess the influence of pedestrian gait on lower limb kinematics and injuries. To set the gait stance, firstly the joints were rotated according to the angle data from the study of Untaroiu et al (2009).…”

Section: Thumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The THUMS model was configured in six gait cycle stances based on the previous study (Untaroiu et al, 2009) and these were used to assess the influence of pedestrian gait on lower limb kinematics and injuries. To set the gait stance, firstly the joints were rotated according to the angle data from the study of Untaroiu et al (2009). The ligaments were modified if they loosened due to joint rotation, then the skin and flesh parts around the rotated joints were remeshed (Toyota Motor Corporation, 2011).…”

Section: Thumsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Previous analyses of causation of pedestrian injuries using accident data (Matsui, 2005;Otte and Haasper, 2007), mathematical models (Han et al, 2012;Liu et al, 2002;Mo et al, 2014), and cadaver tests (Kerrigan et al, 2008;Masson et al, 2007) have shown that vehicle front shape and impact velocity have a strong influence on lower limb injuries. Meanwhile, some studies (Elliott et al, 2012;Peng et al, 2012;Untaroiu et al, 2009) have shown that the pedestrian gait phase influences overall pedestrian kinematics and head injury mechanisms. However, the effect of pedestrian gait stance on lower limb kinematics and injuries has surprisingly not been analyzed.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The influence of gait stance on pedestrian lower limb injury risk

Yang

Simms

2015

Accident Analysis & Prevention

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“…(struck leg forward) and 50% (struck leg backward) (Untaroiu et al 2009). The pedestrian model was positioned using the angles of hip, knee, shoulder and elbow developed by Untaroiu et al…”

Section: Impact Scenarios For Full-scale Simulationmentioning

confidence: 98%

Evaluating Pedestrian Head Sub-system Test Procedure against Full-scale Vehicle-pedestrian Impact Using Numerical Models

Chen

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Head injury is the primary cause of pedestrian fatalities. To address this problem, the simplified sub-system test procedure has been used to distinguish vehicle stiffness in recent decades. Compared to the full-scale dummy test, the sub-system test has the advantage in terms of cost, repeatability, and testing coverage. However, the sub-system test methodology has long been criticized for oversimplification and for missing headneck interaction, vehicle pre-deformation, and head rotational kinematics, which make the ability of the component test to represent the real full-scale impact questionable. As a result, a potential problem may exist because vehicle design is optimized towards the sub-system test but may not necessarily provide the best protection in real pedestrian accidents. The goal of this dissertation is to study the relationship between the impactor responses of sub-system test with the head response in full-scale pedestrian impact. This process involved multiple steps: 1) evaluate the biofidelity of the PFEM; 2) compare the impactor response in the sub-system test and head response in the full-scale impact; 3) test the hypothesis that vehicle design variations have different influences on the impactor response and head response; and 4) investigate the factors that may contribute to the difference between the component test and the full-scale impact. The results of this work demonstrate limitations in the sub-system test that prevent it from reproducing the full-scale head response, even with matched input kinematics. Many of the limitations of sub-system tests were focused on the lack of vehicle hood pre-deformation caused by the iii pedestrian torso. The methodology and results of this dissertation could provide reference for improvements to future vehicle safety design and pedestrian regulation development.iv

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Crash reconstruction of pedestrian accidents using optimization techniques

Cited by 96 publications

References 26 publications

A Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb for Simulating Automotive Impacts

A Finite Element Model of the Lower Limb for Simulating Automotive Impacts

The influence of gait stance on pedestrian lower limb injury risk

Evaluating Pedestrian Head Sub-system Test Procedure against Full-scale Vehicle-pedestrian Impact Using Numerical Models

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