Crash Protection of Stock Car Racing Drivers - Application of Biomechanical Analysis of Indy Car Crash Research

Melvin, John W.; Begeman, Paul C.; Faller, Ronald K.; Sicking, Dean L; McClellan, Scott B.; Maynard, Edwin P.; Donegan, Michael W.; Mallott, Annette M.; Gideon, Thomas

doi:10.4271/2006-22-0016

Cited by 15 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Unfortunately, however, concussion was not specifically mentioned. 27 This final notion is supported by analysis of the neuromuscular capabilities of professional racing drivers, where it was found that open-wheel competition resulted in stronger lateral neck flexion musculature. 28…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Concussion in motor sport: A medical literature review and engineering perspective

Deakin

Cronin

Trafford

et al. 2017

Journal of Concussion

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WARNING: motor sport can be dangerous'. The spectrum of head injuries in motor sport has shifted dramatically in recent decades, fuelled by advances in medicine and engineering. Despite these successes, there are growing public and professional concerns regarding concussion in motor sport. This review appraises the published literature concerning concussion in motor sport, with particular focus on the current medical and technical challenges in the field. The incidence and assessment of concussion in motor sport is discussed, in addition to modifiable risk factors within and outside the automobile environment. Lastly, areas for further research and development are outlined.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 92%

Concussion in motor sport: A medical literature review and engineering perspective

Deakin

Cronin

Trafford

et al. 2017

Journal of Concussion

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“…Research [45,46] has shown that the six-point belt system is the safest of all four options and the most effective in preventing dangerous forward motion and subsequent thoracic injuries. Additionally, implementing a progressive, force-limiting pre-tension seat belt reduces slack ends that propel an early activation of the belt system, minimizing the potential for injury [47].…”

Section: Operator Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Table 14 gives a summary of the seatbelt systems in trucks, together with their features, advantages and associated challenges. [45][46][47].…”

Section: Operator Safetymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Further protection may be offered to a vehicle operator by modifying the seat in the cockpit of the truck. Particularly, the use of custom polystyrene bead foam in the walls next to the operator, from head to knee, and a custom-shaped foam seat that provides support to the pelvis can reduce injuries to the rib cage, thoracic organs, and shoulders [46]. Likewise, a fluid system that allows the seat to reorient itself into the safest position within the vehicle in response to various operating modes may offer promising protection to truck drivers [46].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Countermeasures to Reduce Truck-Mounted Attenuator (TMA) Crashes: A State-of-the-Art Review

Aroke

Onuchukwu

Esmaeili

2022

Future Transportation

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To support worker and driver safety, this study conducted a comprehensive literature review to identify methods of enhancing TMA visibility, improving work zone configurations, and ensuring worker safety. To increase TMA recognition, this study observed that the use of a 6-to-8-inch wide yellow and black inverted ‘V’ pattern of retroreflective chevron markings, sloped at a 45-degree angle downward in both directions from the upper center of a rear panel is effective in alerting drivers to work zones. This study also recommends applying amber and white warning LEDs, which flash in an asynchronous pattern at a 1 Hz frequency and are mounted against a solid-colored background for a 360-degree view visible at least 1500 feet from the work zone. In addition, a work zone vehicle configuration consisting of a lead, buffer, and advance warning truck with a buffer space between 100 and 150 ft is suggested to reduce the risk of lateral intrusions and TMA roll-ahead. In parallel, workers should wear high-visibility vests noticeable at a minimum distance of 1000 feet and headwear with at least 10 square inches of retroreflective material. Some intelligent transport systems are also suggested to enhance TMA recognition and potentially minimize work zone fatalities. Application of the recommended guidelines will potentially improve current practices and significantly reduce the occurrence of TMA crashes in construction and maintenance work zones.

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“…These energy-absorbing mechanisms were summarized in reports by Schmidt et al (1)(2). The Steel and Foam Energy Reduction (SAFER) barrier was successfully developed for use in high-speed racetrack applications for the purpose of reducing the severity of race car crashes into rigid concrete containment walls (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12). The barrier consists of a verticalface, steel impact panel offset from a rigid concrete wall with discrete, energy-absorbing foam cartridges that dissipate the impacting vehicle's kinetic energy.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware Test Level 4 Design and Evaluation of a Restorable Energy-Absorbing Concrete Barrier

Schmidt

Bielenberg

Reid

et al. 2016

Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation R

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A new, high-containment longitudinal barrier was designed to reduce the acceleration imparted to passenger vehicles during impacts and to be restorable and reusable. Elastomer support posts were designed to translate laterally and absorb energy when struck and then to restore to their initial position after impact events. A hybrid concrete beam and steel tube combination rail was optimized to minimize weight, provide sufficient structural capacity, maintain a height to contain and redirect single-unit trucks, and prevent passenger vehicles from snagging on the posts. Three full-scale vehicle crash tests were conducted according to the Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware ( MASH) Test Level 4 (TL-4) safety performance requirements on a barrier 240 ft long with nominal height of 38⅝ in. In the Safer for Highway Test 1 (SFH-1), a 5,021-lb pickup truck was redirected with minimal damage to the barrier. The peak lateral acceleration was reduced 47% compared with similar impacts on rigid barriers. In the SFH-2 test, a 2,406-lb small car was redirected by the barrier, and the peak lateral acceleration was reduced 21%compared with similar impacts on rigid barriers. In the SFH-3 test, a 21,746-lb single-unit truck was successfully contained and redirected, resulting in only minor damage to the concrete rail. Therefore, the barrier met all the MASH TL-4 safety performance criteria. The paper provides recommendations about the performance, future design refinements, and installation requirements of the barrier.

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Crash Protection of Stock Car Racing Drivers - Application of Biomechanical Analysis of Indy Car Crash Research

Cited by 15 publications

References 8 publications

Concussion in motor sport: A medical literature review and engineering perspective

Concussion in motor sport: A medical literature review and engineering perspective

Countermeasures to Reduce Truck-Mounted Attenuator (TMA) Crashes: A State-of-the-Art Review

Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware Test Level 4 Design and Evaluation of a Restorable Energy-Absorbing Concrete Barrier

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