Craqueamento termo-catalítico da borra de neutralização do óleo de palma utilizando-se CaCO3 como catalisador / Thermal catalytic cracking of soap phase residue of neutralization process of palm oil using CaCO3 as catalyst

Catalytic Upgrading of Residual Fat Pyrolysis Vapors over Activated Carbon Pellets into Hydrocarbons-like Fuels in a Two-Stage Reactor: Analysis of Hydrocarbons Composition and Physical-Chemistry Properties

“…This is because at the beginning of reaction, the primary cracking occurs, forming oxygenated compounds [14][15][16]18]. Then, in the middle to the end of the reaction, secondary cracking occurs by de-carbonylation and de-carboxylation reactions, producing hydrocarbons [14][15][16]18,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37], and hydrocarbons have superior physicochemical properties than oxygenates, that is, lowers density, lower kinematic viscosity and lower acidity. Table 4.…”

“…The kinematic viscosity of bio-oils decreases because at the beginning of the catalytic cracking reaction, the primary cracking occurs, forming oxygenated compounds [19][20][21]23]. Then, in the middle to the end of the reaction, secondary cracking occurs by de-carbonylation and de-carboxylation, producing hydrocarbons [19][20][21]23,[30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37], and hydrocarbons have much lower viscosity than oxygenates. The influence of reaction time on the density of bio-oil by catalytic upgrading of residual fat pyrolysis vapors at 450 • C, 1.0 atm, 0.0%, 5.0%, 7.5%, and 10.0% (wt.)…”