Abstract:Resumo: Este trabalho foi realizado em uma unidade de teste de microatividade para estudar o processo de craqueamento catalítico das cargas combinadas de polietileno de baixa densidade e polietileno de alta densidade com vaselina, frente a catalisadores comerciais de FCC (alta e baixa atividades), para avaliar a produção das frações combustíveis (gasolina, diesel e resíduo). As cargas combinadas de PEBD e PEAD/vaselina foram processadas em condições de refinaria. Para as cargas de PEBD/vaselina, a 2, 6 e 10% p… Show more
“…Several authors have studied the application of these catalysts to the pyrolysis of plastic materials (Vasile et al, 1985 and1988;Beltrame et al, 1989;Audisio et al, 1992;Lin & White, 1995;Ochoa et al, 1996;Serrano et al, 2001;Aguado et al, 2001;Marcilla et al, 2003;Seo et al, 2003;Ribeiro et al, 2006). Therefore, the objective of this work was the evaluation of the performance of commercial FCC catalysts (low, medium and high activities).…”
-The efficiency of Commercial FCC catalysts (low, medium and high activities) was evaluated by the catalytic cracking process of combined feeds of polypropylene (PP) and vaseline, using a microactivity test unit (M.A.T.) for the production of fuel fractions (gasoline, diesel and residue). The PP/vaseline loads, at 2.0% and 4.0% wt, were processed under refinery conditions (load/catalyst ratio and temperature of process). For the PP/vaseline load (4.0% wt), the production of the gasoline fraction was favored by all catalysts, while the diesel fraction was favored by PP/vaseline load (2.0% wt), showing a preferential contact of the zeolite external surface with the end of the polymer chains for the occurrence of the catalytic cracking. All the loads produced a bigger quantity of the gaseous products in the presence of highly active commercial FCC catalyst. The improvement in the activity of the commercial FCC catalyst decreased the production of the liquid fractions and increased the quantity of the solid fractions, independent of the concentration of the loads. These results can be related to the difficulty of the polymer chains to access the catalyst acid sites, occurring preferentially end-chain scission at the external surface of the catalyst.
“…Several authors have studied the application of these catalysts to the pyrolysis of plastic materials (Vasile et al, 1985 and1988;Beltrame et al, 1989;Audisio et al, 1992;Lin & White, 1995;Ochoa et al, 1996;Serrano et al, 2001;Aguado et al, 2001;Marcilla et al, 2003;Seo et al, 2003;Ribeiro et al, 2006). Therefore, the objective of this work was the evaluation of the performance of commercial FCC catalysts (low, medium and high activities).…”
-The efficiency of Commercial FCC catalysts (low, medium and high activities) was evaluated by the catalytic cracking process of combined feeds of polypropylene (PP) and vaseline, using a microactivity test unit (M.A.T.) for the production of fuel fractions (gasoline, diesel and residue). The PP/vaseline loads, at 2.0% and 4.0% wt, were processed under refinery conditions (load/catalyst ratio and temperature of process). For the PP/vaseline load (4.0% wt), the production of the gasoline fraction was favored by all catalysts, while the diesel fraction was favored by PP/vaseline load (2.0% wt), showing a preferential contact of the zeolite external surface with the end of the polymer chains for the occurrence of the catalytic cracking. All the loads produced a bigger quantity of the gaseous products in the presence of highly active commercial FCC catalyst. The improvement in the activity of the commercial FCC catalyst decreased the production of the liquid fractions and increased the quantity of the solid fractions, independent of the concentration of the loads. These results can be related to the difficulty of the polymer chains to access the catalyst acid sites, occurring preferentially end-chain scission at the external surface of the catalyst.
“…It is important to highlight that catalytic pyrolysis (catalytic cracking) is one of the most important processes in the refining industry, especially when it comes to the process of obtaining a gasoline of better quality and higher octane (through the optimization of aromatic and olefin contents) [34,35]. To date, no research has investigated the effect of temperature and percentage of FCC zeolite-type catalyst on the MSW fraction (organic matter + paper + plastic) and its implications on biochar morphology and crystal structure, as well as on the yield of reaction products, chemical composition and acidity of bio-oils obtained by pyrolysis and catalytic pyrolysis.…”
This work aims to investigate the effect of process temperature and catalyst content by thermochemical degradation of municipal solid waste (MSW) fraction (organic matter + paper + plastic) on the yield of reaction products (bio-oil, biochar, H2O and gas), physicochemical properties and chemical composition of bio-oils, as well as on the morphology and crystalline phases of biochar in laboratory scale. The organic matter, paper and plastic segregated from the gravimetric composition of total waste sample were subjected to the pre-treatments of drying, crushing and sieving. The experiments were carried out at 400, 450 and 475 °C and 1.0 atmosphere, and at 450 °C and 1.0 at-mosphere, using 5.0, 10.0 and 15.0% (wt.) of FCC zeolite, bath mode, using a laborato-ry scale glass reactor. The bio-oil was characterized for acidic value. The chemical functions present in the bio-oil identified by FT-IR and the composition by GC-MS. Biochar was characterized by SEM/EDS and XRD. Thermal pyrolysis of the MSW frac-tion (organic matter + paper + plastic) shows bio-oil yields between 9.44 and 9.24% (wt.), aqueous phase yields between 21.93 and 18.78% (wt.), solid phase yields between 67.97 and 40.34% (wt.) and gas yields between 28.27 and 5.92% (wt.). The yield of bio-oil decreases with increasing process temperature. For the experiments using FCC, the biochar and gas yields increase slightly with the FCC content, while that of bio-oil de-creases and the H2O phase remains constant. The GC-MS of bio-oils identified the presence of hydrocarbons and oxygenates, as well as nitrogen-containing compounds, including amides and amines. The acidity of the bio-oil increased with increasing temperature and with the aid of FCC as a catalyst. It has been identified the presence of hydrocarbons within bio-oil by addition of FCC catalyst due to the deoxygenation of carboxylic acids, followed by decarboxylation and decarbonylation reactions, producing aliphatic and aromatic hy-drocarbons.
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