Craniovertebral junction: normal anatomy, craniometry, and congenital anomalies.

Abstract

The craniovertebral junction (CVJ) comprises the occiput, atlas, and Abbreviation: CVJ craniovertebral junction Index terms: Skull, abnormalities. 12. 147 #{149} Skull. anatomy #{149} Skull. MR. 1 2. 1 2 1 4 1 #{149} Spine. abnormalities. 3 1. 147 Spine. anatomy #{149} Spine.

Incidence of basilar invagination in patients with tonsillar herniation ? a case control craniometrical study

“…A rigid and standardized criterion for diagnosis according to relation of the tip of the odontoid process with the Chamberlain's line is not defined in the literature, where distances range from 2 to 6.6 mm 2,3,4 . This variation on the diagnosis criteria can lead to under or over diagnosis of patients with BI and its relationship with tonsillar herniation, as shown in our results.…”

“…As a radiological finding, its diagnosis is made when the tip of the odontoid process crosses above the Chamberlain's line (a line traced from the posterior margin of the hard palate to the dorsal margin of the foramen magnum). According to different authors, in order to establish the diagnosis of BI, the odontoid tip should be above the Chamberlain's line in 2 mm, 5 mm or even 6.6 mm 2,3,4 .…”

“…Chiari type I malformation (CM), described in 1891 by Hans Chiari, is probably the most important and prevalent symptomatic congenital craniocervical malformation 2,3,4,5 . It is secondary to a caudal rhombencephalon abnormality with displacement of the cerebellar tonsils into the cervical canal, also commonly associated with syringomyelia 6,7,8 .…”

Clinical and Finite Element Analysis of Acute Whiplash

“…The deformative stress imposed upon the neuraxis by flexion of the neck and craniocervical junction, such as occurs in whiplash injury, is manifest radiologically by the measurement of increased length of the medulla and spinal cord [5,12,14,17,18,22,46,49,51,52,61,64,68,[70][71][72][73][74][75][76][77][78][79] (Figs. 4A-C).…”

“…Deformative stress due to chronic flexion extension injuries were noted in patients with angulation of the brainstem [76,78,79,84] and attributed to the fulcrum effect of the medullo-spinal junction draped over the odontoid [17]. Deformative stress is evident in achondroplasia [85][86][87][88][89], platybasia [84,90,91], acquired bonesoftening conditions such as rickets, hyperparathyroidism, spondyloepiphyseal dysplasia, acroosteolysis, Hurler's Syndrome, osteomalacia, achondromalacia, renal osteodystrophy, Paget's disease, and degenerative conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis [35,51,72,[92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99] and osteogenesis imperfecta [100,101].…”