“…Osteopaths are typically involved in the care of individuals presenting with a range of clinical conditions ( Sciomachen et al, 2018 ), but most frequently those presenting with musculoskeletal disorders ( Johnson and Degenhardt, 2019 ). To date, there is a growing but still limited 2 body of evidence supporting the efficacy and effectiveness of osteopathic treatment in chronic pain conditions ( Haller et al, 2020 ; Licciardone et al, 2020 ; Rehman et al, 2020 ; Franzetti et al, 2021 ) in particular musculoskeletal disorders like back pain ( Licciardone et al, 2005 ; Franke et al, 2014 , 2015 , 2017 ; Verhaeghe et al, 2018 ; Switters et al, 2019 ; Dal Farra et al, 2021 ); however, some counterevidence is available as well ( Posadzki and Ernst, 2011 ; Orrock and Myers, 2013 ; Nguyen et al, 2021 ). Furthermore, there is sparse evidence suggesting that osteopathic treatment may benefit other physical health conditions ( Müller et al, 2014 ; Cicchitti et al, 2015 ; Cerritelli et al, 2016 , 2017b ; Ruffini et al, 2016 ; Lanaro et al, 2017 ).…”