Craniofacial growth in children with nasal septum deviation: A cephalometric comparative study

Cephalometric evaluation of facial pattern and hyoid bone position in children with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome

“…D'Ascanio et al [16] observed quite a similar result, with increase in total and lower anterior facial heights, in a oldmatched mouth-breathing group (7-12 years old), which respiratory cause of it was septum deviation. Their results, along with ours, suggest that persistent mouth-breathing are associated to changes in the craniofacial pattern, irrespective to the obstructive cause.…”

Impact of Hard Palate Angulation Caused by Septal Deviation on Maxillary Sinus Volume

“…The obstruction of airflow and reduced oxygen pressure interrupt the development of the paranasal sinus (18). Hypertrophy of the pharyngeal tonsil, which causes obstruction in the posterior paranasal sinus, and nasal septal deviation affecting the development of the maxilla can disrupt the development of paranasal sinuses (4). Oral breathing in the absence of nasal airflow and pressing down the mandible and pulling the tongue down and forward affects the development of the maxillofacial skeleton (19).…”

“…Maxillary sinus development is directly associated with the alveolar process and hard palate. Changes in volume after full development are associated with chronological and pathological conditions (4). Decreased airflow through the nasopharynx reduces oxygen pressure and negatively affects paranasal sinus development (5).…”

Etiology of Open‐Bite Malocclusion

“…Some differences can also be observed in the occlusal aspect. Mouth-breathing children due to nasal septum deviations usually present Class II malocclusion, whereas most of nose-breathing subjects present normal occlusion (D'Ascanio et al 2010) However, the association between nasal resistance and open bite is of only 8.2% when evaluating children from 7 to 15 years of age (Lopatiene and Babarskas 2002). …”