Craniofacial changes from 13 to 62 years of age

Abstract

Summary Background In long-term studies of orthodontic, orthognathic, and prosthodontic treatments, control subjects are needed for comparison. Objectives To study the craniofacial (skeletal, soft tissue, and dental) changes that occur in untreated subjects with normal occlusion between 13 and 62 years of age. Materials/Methods Thirty subjects with a Class I normal occlusion and harmonious facial profile were studied. X-ray examinations were performed at 13 (T1), 16 (T2), 31 (T3), and 62 (T4) years of age, and data were obtained from cephalograms. In total, 53 angular and linear parameters were measured using superimposition-based and conventional cephalometric methods to describe the craniofacial changes. Results The jaws showed significant anterior growth from T1 to T2, and significant retrognathism from T3 to T4. The anterior face height and jaw dimensions increased significantly until T3. Significant posterior rotation of the mandible and opening of the vertical jaw relation, in addition to significant retroclination of the incisors and straightening of the facial profile, were found from T3 to T4. Limitations Given the small sample size at T4, it was not possible to analyse the gender dimension. Conclusions/Implications Craniofacial changes continue up to the sixth decade of life. These changes are consistent, albeit to a lesser extent, with the adolescent growth patterns for most of the studied parameters, with the exceptions of incisor inclination, sagittal jaw position, vertical jaw relation and inclination, and posterior face height.

Dentoskeletal and soft tissue changes after treatment of crowding with premolar extractions: a 50-year follow-up

“…Cephalometric comparisons at baseline (T1) between the Extraction and Control groups showed no significant differences for the skeletal sagittal and vertical relations, incisor inclination, and soft tissue profile ( Table 1 ). Although significant differences were found between the two groups in the SNB, ANB, and facial profile angles, the values were within the normal range of orthognathic morphology ( 3 ).…”

“…However, from early to late adulthood, both groups showed low levels of posterior mandibular rotation and opening of the vertical jaw relation. This is due to the remodelling that occurs within the region of the angle of the mandible from early to late adulthood, as observed by Al-Taai and colleagues ( 3 ).…”

“…However, the ICCs were 0.84 and 0.88 for the horizontal distance of menton to vertical reference line (Me-NSLP) and nasolabial angle, respectively. The inter-observer reliability of the cephalometric measurements has been described by Al-Taai et al ( 3 ).…”

“…Consequently, there is still no clear consensus on the effects that tooth extraction has on the dentoskeletal and soft tissue profile, despite the fact that crowding of the teeth is the most common type of malocclusion ( 17 , 18 ). Furthermore, continuous thinning of the lips and changes in the vertical facial dimension are considered to be normal, age-related physiological changes ( 2 , 3 ).…”

Evaluation of Vertical Skeletal Changes in Hyperdivergent Individuals Who Underwent Four Premolar Extraction Treatments

“…Considering that the growth in the skeletal structure is three-sided, the longest ongoing growth occurs in the vertical direction [21]. Al-Taai et al [22] performed a long-term examination of changes in the craniofacial structures of individuals aged between 13 and 62 years. They observed 1 ° anterior rotations of the mandibles until the age of 13 − 16 years and a posterior rotation of 3 ° between the ages of 31 and 62 years.…”