Cranial motor neurons contain either galanin‐ or calcitonin gene‐related peptidelike immunoreactivity

Moore, Robert Y.

doi:10.1002/cne.902820404

Cited by 130 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Calcitonine gene-related peptide (CGRP) is known to co-localize in cholinergic neurons of both cranial and spinal motor nuclei. This peptide participates in the process of synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction of cranial motor neurons (Moore 1989). In a previous study, co-localization of CHAT and CGRP in vagal motoneurons, located in the nucleus ambiguous supplying striated muscle of the upper digestive tract (Lee et al 1992) was determined.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical properties of motoneurons supplying the trapezius muscle in the rat

Dudek¹,

Sienkiewicz²,

Marczak³

et al. 2011

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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Combined retrograde tracing (using fluorescent tracer Fast blue) and double-labelling immunofluorescence were used to study the distribution and immunohistochemical characteristics of neurons projecting to the trapezius muscle in mature male rats (n=9). As revealed by retrograde tracing, ChAT-positive. The vast majority of the neurons expressing SP-or NOS-immunoreactivity were also cholinergic in nature; however, solitary somata were ChAT-negative. FB + perikarya were surrounded by numerous varicose nerve fibres (often forming basket-like structures) immunoreactive to LEnk or SP. They were also associated with some CGRP-, NOS-and neuropeptide Y-positive nerve terminals.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Immunohistochemical properties of motoneurons supplying the trapezius muscle in the rat

Dudek¹,

Sienkiewicz²,

Marczak³

et al. 2011

Polish Journal of Veterinary Sciences

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“…To identify most neuronal profiles, the two largest populations of neuropeptide-immunoreactive motoneurons in the facial motor nucleus [those positive for CGRP and those positive for galanin (Moore, 1989;Raivich et al, 1995)] were detected with a mixture of anti-CGRP and anti-galanin antibodies. In normal mice, ␣M␤2-positive microglia (green) only adhere to the neuropeptide-positive neurons (red) with their processes but not with their cell bodies (Fig.…”

Section: Phagocytic Phenotypementioning

confidence: 99%

Endogenous Transforming Growth Factor β1 Suppresses Inflammation and Promotes Survival in Adult CNS

Makwana¹,

Jones²,

Cuthill³

et al. 2007

J. Neurosci.

103

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Transforming growth factor ␤1 (TGF␤1) is a pleiotropic cytokine with potent neurotrophic and immunosuppressive properties that is upregulated after injury, but also expressed in the normal nervous system. In the current study, we examined the regulation of TGF␤1 and the effects of TGF␤1 deletion on cellular response in the uninjured adult brain and in the injured and regenerating facial motor nucleus. To avoid lethal autoimmune inflammation within 3 weeks after birth in TGF␤1-deficient mice, this study was performed on a T-and B-cell-deficient RAG2Ϫ/Ϫ background. Compared with wild-type siblings, homozygous deletion of TGF␤1 resulted in an extensive inflammatory response in otherwise uninjured brain parenchyma. Astrocytes increased in GFAP and CD44 immunoreactivity; microglia showed proliferative activity, expression of phagocytosis-associated markers [␣X␤2, B7.2, and MHC1 (major histocompatibility complex type 1)], and reduced branching. Ultrastructural analysis revealed focal blockade of axonal transport, perinodal damming of axonal organelles, focal demyelination, and myelin debris in granule-rich, phagocytic microglia. After facial axotomy, absence of TGF␤1 led to a fourfold increase in neuronal cell death (52 vs 13%), decreased central axonal sprouting, and significant delay in functional recovery. It also interfered with the microglial response, resulting in a diminished expression of early activation markers [ICAM1 (intercellular adhesion molecule 1), ␣6␤1, and ␣M␤2] and reduced proliferation. In line with axonal and glial findings in the otherwise uninjured CNS, absence of endogenous TGF␤1 also caused an ϳ10% reduction in the number of normal motoneurons, pointing to an ongoing and potent trophic role of this anti-inflammatory cytokine in the normal as well as in the injured brain.

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“…1,11,[16][17][18][19][20] This model is useful for testing the efficacy of new therapies for accelerating and enhancing axon growth and regeneration after injury. When compared with other models of peripheral nerve injury, sciatic nerve crush has several advantages, including easy access to the sciatic nerve.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…2,13,23,27,28,30 Assessing the rate of motor axon regeneration is usually accomplished through immunostaining facial nerve sections against antigens of calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) and galanin, 28 because these peptides are synthesized in 2 apparently nonoverlapping motoneuron populations 16 and undergo anterograde transport into the axon growth cones. However, this method is not suitable for assessing motor axon regeneration in large nerve trunks such as the brachial or lumbar plexus, although their motor axons also contain galanin or CGRP.…”

Section: 826mentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessment of the rate of spinal motor axon regeneration by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry following sciatic nerve crush injury in mice

Yuan

Chiu³

et al. 2014

JNS

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Object. The purpose of this study was to examine whether choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) staining can be used for assessing the rate of motor neuron regeneration at an early phase of axon outgrowth.Methods. The authors developed a new sciatic nerve crush model in adult mice. In this model, in addition to performing a sciatic nerve crush injury, the authors excised the ipsilateral lumbar L3-6 dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which resulted in degeneration of the sensory fibers entering into the sciatic nerve. Crushed nerve sections obtained at Day 3 or Day 7 postinjury were analyzed by means of immunostaining.Results. The immunostaining showed that ChAT, a motor axon-specific antigen, was totally co-localized with growth-associated protein 43 (GAP-43), which is expressed in regenerating nerves and transported into growth cones.Conclusions. Our results suggest that measuring the length of motor axon outgrowth by ChAT immunostaining is reliable. ChAT staining provides a more convenient method for evaluating the rate of motor axon outgrowth in a mixed nerve. (http://thejns.org/doi/abs/10.3171/2013.8.JNS121648) KeY WorDS • nerve injury • axon regeneration • motor neuron • ChAT staining • peripheral nerveAbbreviations used in this paper: CGRP = calcitonin generelated peptide; ChAT = choline acetyltransferase; GAP-43 = growth-associated protein 43; NF200 = neurofilament-200; PBS = phosphate-buffered saline.

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Cranial motor neurons contain either galanin‐ or calcitonin gene‐related peptidelike immunoreactivity

Cited by 130 publications

References 31 publications

Immunohistochemical properties of motoneurons supplying the trapezius muscle in the rat

Immunohistochemical properties of motoneurons supplying the trapezius muscle in the rat

Endogenous Transforming Growth Factor β1 Suppresses Inflammation and Promotes Survival in Adult CNS

Assessment of the rate of spinal motor axon regeneration by choline acetyltransferase immunohistochemistry following sciatic nerve crush injury in mice

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