Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (Ces) in the Treatment of Anxiety and Other Stress-Related Disorders: A Review of Controlled Clinical Trials

Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Pilot Study of Two Military Veterans

“…CES employs microcurrent waveforms with different frequencies to alter the electrical activity of the brain, increase state of relaxation and decrease anxiety, insomnia, and depression (Kirsch & Gilula, 2007). Previous studies reveal that CES can induce a calming effect on the brain called an ''alpha state,'' which is a prevailing alpha rhythm of the brain electrical activity that will reduce subjective feelings of anxiety (De Felice, 1997). Because of this alpha state, studies have observed decreased anxiety-provoking symptoms, such as muscle tension and stress (De Felice, 1997;Kennerly, 2004Kennerly, , 2006.…”

“…Previous studies reveal that CES can induce a calming effect on the brain called an ''alpha state,'' which is a prevailing alpha rhythm of the brain electrical activity that will reduce subjective feelings of anxiety (De Felice, 1997). Because of this alpha state, studies have observed decreased anxiety-provoking symptoms, such as muscle tension and stress (De Felice, 1997;Kennerly, 2004Kennerly, , 2006. In addition, studies indicate that CES appears to influence the limbic system (Gilula & Kirsch, 2005), which has been implicated in the pathology of PTSD (Francati, Vermetten, & Bremmer, 2007;McEwen, 2002).…”

Safe Effective Nondrug Treatment of Chronic Depression: A Review of Research on Low-Voltage Cranial Electrical Stimulation and Other Adjunctive Therapies

“…Because psychologists and many other mental health practitioners are trained to work with patients with chronic depression, it would seem desirable to incorporate this effective and simple therapeutic approach into their treatment repertoire. This is particularly true given the safety record of the Liss CES device in our own clinical research and that of others (De Felice, 1997;Klawansky et al, 1995;Pickworth et al, 1997). It is our position that a 1-day training session for any licensed mental health professional should be adequate to become proficient in the use of this modality.…”

Design and evaluation of an affordable and programmable mobile device, capable of delivering constant current and high voltage electric pulses of different waveforms for biomedical and clinical applications

“…Other potential application of the device may include the cranial electrotherapy stimulation achieved by injecting a pulse current (usually not exceeding 1 mA) to the patient's head for medical and/or psychological purposes [42][43][44], including alleviation of anxiety, depression and etc.…”