Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Dogs: Review on Biomechanics, Etiopathogenetic Factors and Rehabilitation

Spinella, Giuseppe; Arcamone, Giulia; Valentini, Simona

doi:10.3390/vetsci8090186

Cited by 21 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 168 publications

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“…A recent review of etiopathogenetic factors reported that the main predisposing factors for rupture of the CrCL include age between 2 and 10 years, having been neutered or spayed, and being large and/or overweight. 30 Notably, the population in this study was at little risk of having these predisposing factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Biomechanical effects of cranial closing wedge osteotomy on joint stability in normal canine stifles: An ex vivo study

Shimada

Huang

Yamakawa

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Cranial closing wedge osteotomy (CCWO) is a functional stabilization technique for cranial cruciate ligament (CrCL) ruptures. This biomechanical study aimed to evaluate the influence of CCWO on the stability of the stifle joint. Eighteen Beagle stifle joints were divided into two groups, Control and CCWO. The stifle joints were then analyzed using a six-degree-of-freedom robotic joint biomechanical testing system. The joints were subjected to 30 N in the craniocaudal (CrCd) drawer and proximal compression tests and 1 Nm in the internal-external (IE) rotation test. Each test was performed with an extension position, 135 degrees, and 120 degrees of joint angle. The stifle joints were tested while the CrCLs were intact, then transected. In the drawer test, the CCWO procedure, CrCL transection, and stifle joint flexion increased CrCd displacement. The CCWO procedure and CrCL transection showed an interaction effect. In the compression test, the CCWO procedure decreased, and CrCL transection and stifle joint flexion increased displacement. In the IE rotation test, CCWO, CrCL transection, and stifle joint flexion increased the range of motion. Therefore, CCWO was expected to provide stability against compressive force, but it does not contribute to stabilities in the drawer and rotational tests. Particularly in the CCWO-treated stifle joint, instability during the drawer test worsened with CrCL transection. In other words, performing the CCWO procedure when CrCL function is present is desirable for the stabilization of the stifle joint.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 72%

Biomechanical effects of cranial closing wedge osteotomy on joint stability in normal canine stifles: An ex vivo study

Shimada

Huang

Yamakawa

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…A positive outcome for orthopaedic disorders is dependent on optimal return to normal muscle function. One of the most common orthopaedic disorders causing lameness in dogs is cranial cruciate ligament disease (CCLD) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5). In CCLD, the function of the skeletal muscles is particularly challenged, as the normal stabilising synergism between the large muscles around the canine stifle joint and the cruciate ligaments is disrupted (1).…”

Section: Introduction Rationalementioning

confidence: 99%

Non-invasive methods to assess muscle function in dogs: A scoping review

et al. 2023

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Skeletal muscle function can be affected by multiple disorders in dogs of which cranial cruciate ligament rupture or disease (CCLD) is one of the most common. Despite the significance of this condition only sparse research exists regarding assessment of muscle function in dogs. This scoping review aimed to identify the non-invasive methods for canine muscle function assessments that have been reported in the literature in the past 10 years. A systematic literature search was conducted 1st March 2022 across six databases. After screening, 139 studies were considered eligible for inclusion. Among the included studies, 18 different muscle function assessment categories were identified, and the most frequently reported disease state was CCLD. We included an attempt to elucidate the clinical applicability of the 18 reported methods, as experts were asked to subjectively assess the methods for their clinical relevance as well as their practical applicability in dogs with CCLD.

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“…Patellar alta may be among the pathologies of medial patellar luxation ( Mostafa et al , 2008 ). In addition, medial patellar luxation could be a factor in CCLD, especially in small dogs ( Campbell et al , 2010 ; Spinella et al , 2021 ). Accordingly, there are scattered cases of concomitant CCLD and medial patellar luxation, and patellar alta may occur among these cases.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of patellar position and moment arm between tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and cranial closing wedge ostectomy: An ex vivo study

Shimada¹,

Murakami²,

Tanigawa³

et al. 2023

Open Vet J

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Background: Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) and cranial closing wedge ostectomy (CCWO) are common treatments for cranial cruciate ligament disease. These two techniques mainly differ in whether the proximal tibial fragment contains the attachment site of the patellar ligament. Currently, there are no reports comparing how these techniques affect the patellofemoral joint. Aim: This ex vivo study aimed to compare the effects of TPLO and CCWO on the patellar position and moment arm in healthy Beagles. Methods: TPLO and CCWO were performed on each stifle in six cadavers of Beagles. Pre- and postoperative mediolateral radiographs with the stifle angle at approximately 90° were obtained. The modified Blumensaat index (MBI), patellar ligament length to patella length ratio (PLL:PL), and patellar moment arm (PMA) were measured in each radiograph. Mixed-model multiple regression analyses for the MBI, PLL:PL, and PMA, with the surgical procedure as the independent variable, was then performed. The joint angle was included as an independent variable for MBI, and PMA. Results: The PLL:PL was decreased after TPLO. Additionally, the PLL:PL after TPLO was significantly lower than that after CCWO. The MBI decreased with flexion. Postoperative MBI values were decreased for both procedures, with lower values after CCWO than after TPLO. The PMA values decreased with flexion. Postoperative values for both procedures were decreased in the PMA, with the values being lower after CCWO than after TPLO. Conclusion: Both TPLO and CCWO affect the patellofemoral joint. Compared with TPLO, CCWO produced greater downward traction on the patella. Therefore, CCWO may be used to correct the patellar alta and treat cranial cruciate ligament disease.

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Cranial Cruciate Ligament Rupture in Dogs: Review on Biomechanics, Etiopathogenetic Factors and Rehabilitation

Cited by 21 publications

References 168 publications

Biomechanical effects of cranial closing wedge osteotomy on joint stability in normal canine stifles: An ex vivo study

Biomechanical effects of cranial closing wedge osteotomy on joint stability in normal canine stifles: An ex vivo study

Non-invasive methods to assess muscle function in dogs: A scoping review

Comparison of patellar position and moment arm between tibial plateau leveling osteotomy and cranial closing wedge ostectomy: An ex vivo study

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