“…As a consequence, with respect to (w.r.t.) the single source CSM in (2a), in addition to , precise positioning requires estimation of the signal amplitude and phase, and thus the following reparameterisation can be used To the best of our knowledge, no compact CRB formula for the joint estimation of , where is the power of the white noise vector w (such that ), seems to be available in the open literature [13–15, 17, 29–36, 39–46]. Only by assessing the performance of CMLE at the single source CSM, the stochastic modelling of PVT observables can be determined.…”