Crafting Mass Dairy Production: Immigration and Community in Rural America

Abstract

In many parts of rural America, agrofood producers compete for a larger share of global markets by mechanizing, deskilling, and flexibly relocating to reduce labor costs. They recruit new immigrant workers but sow transience rather than sustainable rural growth. The industrialization of U.S. dairy farming appears to be aligned with these processes, and yet the largescale dairy farmers who have replaced small craft producers face a paradox: The more they rationalize production on their farms, the more vulnerable their herds become to stress and illness, compromising production. Focusing on three competing dairies in Kansas, I examine how farmers variously organize work among immigrant employees to promote herd health while expanding their operations. Evidence from 22 months of ethnographic research and repeated interviews with farm owners, managers, employees, and extension agents suggests that enhancing production requires promoting employee citizenship at work-especially among immigrant employees possessing the fewest citizenship rights outside of work. In contrast to the high labor turnover endemic to other forms of industrialized food production, the distinctive human-animal relations central to dairying encourage farm owners and employees to cooperate, with promising results for farms and rural communities. * I thank Marcus Dominguez and Jill Applegate for their outstanding research assistance. I also thank L. Frank Weyher, Theresa Selfa, Luis Mendonca, and the three anonymous reviewers for insightful comments on previous drafts of this work, and Cecilia Menj ıvar, Mario Cano, and Jessica Falcone for helpful conversations about the work.

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