“…Furthermore, we demonstrate flexible, precision control of an end organ (here: the songbird syrinx, a complex vocal organ containing six muscles (Goller and Suthers, 1996)) to produce distinct, physiologically relevant articulatory states -in this case stereotyped, fictive vocalizations. Such stable mapping and modulation may enable longitudinal rather than cross-sectional experiments, allowing studies of how PNS dynamics are shaped by developmental processes, how changes in nerve signaling correlate with biomarker patterns during disease progression, and whether peripheral neural plasticity can be directed therapeutically via modulatory interventions (Bouton, 2017;Famm et al, 2013;Ganguly et al, 2011;Grill et al, 2009;Lütcke et al, 2013;Marder and Goaillard, 2006).…”