“…The entrainment of the air and mold powders during the initial filling process is of significance to the cleanliness and the quality of the ingot product. [2,3] Investigations have been performed to improve and control the flow pattern during the ingot filling process, [4][5][6][7][8] and extensive studies have been done on the heat transfer, [9,10] shrinkage cavity, [11][12][13] crack, [14,15] stress-strain, [16][17][18] segregation, [19][20][21] and the generation and removal of inclusions [3,22] during the cooling and solidification process of the steel ingot. Zhang et al [23] studied the influence of argon hood protection devices on air absorption and reoxidation during filling.…”