Crack in Iran: is it Really Cocaine?

Mohammad, Kazemifar Amir; Solhi, Hassan; Badakhshan, Dariush

doi:10.4172/2155-6105.1000107

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Crack is a street name for cocaine in western countries, and is a highly addictive stimulant, and a popular drug. However, this same street name in Iran mainly contains heroin, with no stimulant effects [ 21 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral health-related quality of life among a group of patients with substance use disorders in rehabilitation treatment: a cross-sectional study

Amiri

Shekarchizadeh

2021

BMC Oral Health

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Background Little is known about the effect of illicit drugs on oral health-related quality of life. Our aim was to investigate oral health-related quality among patients with substance use disorders, and its association with dental caries experience and drug use profile. Methods Applying a stratified cluster random sampling method, we conducted a cross-sectional study on 267 in-treatment patients with substance use disorders in Isfahan, Iran in 2016. Self-administered questionnaires requested participants’ demographics and drug use profile. A trained dental student carried out personal interviews utilizing Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP) instrument. Clinical examinations were conducted to record dental caries experience. T test, ANOVA, pearson and spearman correlation coefficient, and linear regression model served for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Results A great majority of the participants reported past use of opium (85%) followed by heroin (42.7%) and amphetamines (20.2%). The most common routes of drug administration were combined routes (44.6%) followed by smoking (36.7%). The mean score of OIDP was 22.4 ± 8.6. As high as 74.1% of the participants reported at least one OIDP impact. The most prevalent OIDP impact was “difficulty eating” (64.8%). The most prevalent cause of the impacts were “dental decay” and “tooth loss”. No significant association revealed between OIDP and patients’ demographics and drug use profile (p > 0.05). Participants with higher caries experience, reported greater OIDP (p < 0.05). Conclusions There is an oral impact on the daily performance of patients with substance use disorders. Patients with higher caries experience reported greater OIDP. Thus, in addition to normative assessment of oral health, clinicians should consider the patients’ self-reported oral problems, and the social and mental aspects of oral conditions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral health-related quality of life among a group of patients with substance use disorders in rehabilitation treatment: a cross-sectional study

Amiri

Shekarchizadeh

2021

BMC Oral Health

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show abstract

“…Crack is a street name for cocaine in western countries, and is a highly addictive stimulant and a popular drug. However, this same street name in Iran mainly contains heroin, and has no stimulant effects [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral health-related quality of life among a group of patients with substance use disorders in rehabilitation treatment: a cross-sectional study

Amiri

Shekarchizadeh

2021

Preprint

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Background Little is known about the effect of illicit drugs on oral health-related quality of life. Our aim was to investigate oral health-related quality among patients with substance use disorder, and its association with dental caries experience and drug use profile. Methods Applying a stratified cluster random sampling method, we conducted a cross-sectional study on 267 in-treatment patients with substance use disorder in Isfahan, Iran in 2016. Self-administered questionnaires requested participants’ demographics and drug use profile. A trained dental student carried out personal interviews utilizing Oral Impact on Daily Performance (OIDP) instrument. Clinical examinations were conducted to record dental caries experience. T-test, ANOVA, pearson and spearman correlation coefficient, and linear regression model served for statistical analysis (p < 0.05). Results A great majority of the participants reported past use of opium (85%) followed by heroin (42.7%) and amphetamines (20.2%). The most common routes of drug administration were combined routes (44.6%) followed by smoking (36.7%). The mean score of OIDP was 22.4 ± 8.6. As high as 74.1% of the participants reported at least one OIDP impact. The most prevalent OIDP impact was “difficulty eating” (64.8%). The most prevalent cause of the impacts were “dental decay” and “tooth loss”. No significant association revealed between OIDP and patients’ demographics and drug use profile (p > 0.05). Participants with higher caries experience, reported greater OIDP (p < 0.05). Conclusions There is an oral impact on the daily performance of patients with substance use disorder. Patients with higher caries experience reported greater OIDP. Thus, in addition to normative assessment of oral health, clinicians should consider the patients' self-reported oral problems, and the social and mental aspects of oral conditions.

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“…Heroin with relatively high purity is the main constituent of the illicit drugs obtained under the street name “crack” in Iran. 15…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Heroin with relatively high purity is the main constituent of the illicit drugs obtained under the street name ''crack'' in Iran. 15 Outcome of the patients, classified as complete recovery, partial recovery (where the patients needed outpatient medical care due to naltrexone physical complications), death, and no follow-up, and biochemical changes (sodium, potassium, and creatinine concentrations) were assessed in the studied patients. Residents conduct the original history and physical examinations for clinical purposes, and then the data is subsequently extracted from the information of medical records using a questionnaire designed by toxicology experts.…”

Section: Data Collection and Processingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Withdrawal syndrome caused by naltrexone in opioid abusers

2013

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Study objective: Naltrexone is a competitive opioid receptor antagonist acting at the µ- and k-opioid receptors that blocks the euphoric effects of exogenous administered opioids. When used in opioid-dependent patients, naltrexone can cause acute and severe withdrawal symptoms. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted from December 2007 to March 2008 and consisted of patients who had used naltrexone accidentally or deliberately and were referred to Loghman-Hakim Poison Hospital, Tehran, Iran. All symptoms and signs were assessed and the relationship between the dose of naltrexone, opioid dependence, and outcome was evaluated. Results: In 132 patients referred to our hospital, the most frequently reported symptoms and signs occurring in more than 10% of patients were agitation (96.2%), altered level of consciousness (38.6%), nausea (28%), vomiting (27.3%), abdominal pain (24.2%), diarrhea (16.7%), bone and muscle pain (15.9%), tachycardia (12.9%), and dilated pupils (11.4%). Being the most prominent symptom, the agitation was the most difficult aspect of withdrawal to manage. Except for agitation, no relationship was found between the presence of these symptoms and the dose of naltrexone used. Outcome of the patients (classified as complete recovery, partial recovery, death, and no follow-up) was related to the substance of addiction ( p < 0.05) but not to the naltrexone dose. Conclusion: Emergency physicians should be aware of the potential for severe agitation from naltrexone-precipitated hyperacute withdrawal and its appropriate management. Opioid-dependent patients who wish to continue withdrawal and abstinence must be encouraged to visit trained physicians and be warned about misuse of naltrexone.

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Crack in Iran: is it Really Cocaine?

Cited by 4 publications

References 14 publications

Oral health-related quality of life among a group of patients with substance use disorders in rehabilitation treatment: a cross-sectional study

Oral health-related quality of life among a group of patients with substance use disorders in rehabilitation treatment: a cross-sectional study

Oral health-related quality of life among a group of patients with substance use disorders in rehabilitation treatment: a cross-sectional study

Withdrawal syndrome caused by naltrexone in opioid abusers

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