“…Visual inspection has long been a common way to achieve this but with the development of the semi-conductor industry the use of structural health monitoring (SHM) techniques has allowed a step change forward towards automation. Traditional SHM is achieved by externally employing measures such as strain gauges, strain sensors, optical fibres, piezoceramic sensors, and so on for the monitoring of strain/stress, cracking, temperature, and corrosion of concrete structures (Fuhr and Huston, 1998;Benmokrane et al, 2007;Gaumet et al, 2021;Ramachandran et al, 2022;Taha et al, 2022). However, these measures are expensive, delicate, not necessarily compatible with concrete structures, and complicated to operate.…”