“…Analysis, semi-analysis (Wei et al, 2016), and experimental methods are limited to a few simple structural geometries and loads. Therefore, numerical methods always serve as the mainstream method for crack analysis, which include the finite element method (FEM) (Barsoum, 1976(Barsoum, , 1977, the meshfree/meshless method (Belytschko et al, 1994;Fleming et al, 1997;Rao and Rahman, 2000;Zi et al, 2007;Rabczuk et al, 2010;Zhuang et al, 2011;Zhuang et al, 2012), the extended finite element method (XFEM) (Belytschko and Black, 1999;Daux et al, 2000;Kang et al, 2017), isogeometric analysis (IGA) (De Luycker et al, 2011;Bui, 2015;Ghorashi et al, 2012;Yin et al, 2019;Gu et al, 2020), to name just a few.…”