Crack Damage in Polymers and Composites: A Review

Naebe, Minoo; Abolhasani, Mohammad Mahdi; Khayyam, Hamid; Amini, Abbas; Fox, Bronwyn

doi:10.1080/15583724.2015.1078352

Cited by 157 publications

(101 citation statements)

References 202 publications

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“…Nevertheless, process-induced defects in the composite, such as voids and filler agglomerates, may originate microcracks [21,22], which are enhanced by induced residual stresses and distortions caused by manufacturing and machining processes [23,24]. These defects result in a progressive deterioration of the mechanical properties of the composite for increasing or repetitive load cycles, and they limit the use of such composites in strain sensor applications because of the continuous increase of the electrical resistance of the material under stress [13,25,26]. The investigation of the role that the composite microstructure plays on the cyclic piezoresistive response and on the hysteretic behavior of strain sensors has attracted considerable research efforts [9,10,13,19,27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electro-Mechanical Properties of Multilayer Graphene-Based Polymeric Composite Obtained through a Capillary Rise Method

Acquarelli

Paliotta

Bellis

et al. 2016

Sensors

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A new sensor made of a vinyl-ester polymer composite filled with multilayer graphene nanoplatelets (MLG) is produced through an innovative capillary rise method for application in strain sensing and structural health monitoring. The new sensor is characterized by high stability of the piezoresistive response under quasi-static consecutive loading/unloading cycles and monotonic tests. This is due to the peculiarity of the fabrication process that ensures a smooth and clean surface of the sensor, without the presence of filler agglomerates acting as micro- or macro-sized defects in the composite.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electro-Mechanical Properties of Multilayer Graphene-Based Polymeric Composite Obtained through a Capillary Rise Method

Acquarelli

Paliotta

Bellis

et al. 2016

Sensors

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“…8b–e). This type of fracture is arising from crack deviation while applying load61. Moreover, compared with EP-M systems, the effect of d-clay incorporated into epoxy matrix (EP-D systems) on crack growth resistance via different mechanisms such as crack arrest, birding effect, and pull-out is more tangible (Fig.…”

Section: Results and Disccusionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fish DNA-modified clays: Towards highly flame retardant polymer nanocomposite with improved interfacial and mechanical performance

Zabihi

Ahmadi

Khayyam

et al. 2016

Sci Rep

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Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) has been recently found to be an efficient renewable and environmentally-friendly flame retardant. In this work, for the first time, we have used waste DNA from fishing industry to modify clay structure in order to increase the clay interactions with epoxy resin and take benefit of its additional thermal property effect on thermo-physical properties of epoxy-clay nanocomposites. Intercalation of DNA within the clay layers was accomplished in a one-step approach confirmed by FT-IR, XPS, TGA, and XRD analyses, indicating that d-space of clay layers was expanded from ~1.2 nm for pristine clay to ~1.9 nm for clay modified with DNA (d-clay). Compared to epoxy nanocomposite containing 2.5%wt of Nanomer I.28E organoclay (m-clay), it was found that at 2.5%wt d-clay loading, significant enhancements of ~14%, ~6% and ~26% in tensile strength, tensile modulus, and fracture toughness of epoxy nanocomposite can be achieved, respectively. Effect of DNA as clay modifier on thermal performance of epoxy nanocomposite containing 2.5%wt d-clay was evaluated using TGA and cone calorimetry analysis, revealing significant decreases of ~4000 kJ/m2 and ~78 kW/m2 in total heat release and peak of heat release rate, respectively, in comparison to that containing 2.5%wt of m-clay.

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“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Stretching, compression, twisting or other distortions of the macroscopic shapeo famaterial is accompanied by stretching of individual polymer chains or chain segments. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Stretching, compression, twisting or other distortions of the macroscopic shapeo famaterial is accompanied by stretching of individual polymer chains or chain segments.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Challenges and Opportunities of Contemporary Polymer Mechanochemistry

Boulatov

2017

ChemPhysChem

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Most polymeric materials are subjectt om echanical loads throughout their lifetimes, from manufacture to recycling. [1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Stretching, compression, twisting or other distortions of the macroscopic shapeo famaterial is accompanied by stretching of individual polymer chains or chain segments. The more ac hain is stretched, the more the kinetica nd thermodynamic stabilities of its constituent monomers changes. This coupling of am echanicall oad, often acting at length scales larger than 1 mm, and chemical reactivity localized within nm 3 volumes, is called mechanochemistry.Incommercial polymers, such as polystyrene or vulcanized rubbers, as ufficiently large load-even ac ompressiveo neleads to fragmentationo fafraction of the polymer chains. This fragmentation lowers the density of bonds across which the load distributes and thust he capacityo ft he material to withstand furtherl oading, ultimately resulting in materialf ailure. Conversely,i tm ay be possible to exploit mechanochemical coupling to design polymeric materials that respondt om echanical loads in ways that prevent or at least inform the user of impeding catastrophicf ailure.T hese responses include selfstrengthening [8] (i.e.,t he formation of multiple load-bearing bonds per each mechanochemically failed bond) and mechanochromism [9] (i.e.,c hanges in local opticalp roperties of the materialp roportional to either instantaneous or accumulated stress at al evel of as ingle polymer chain). The role of mechanochemistry in facilitatingm aterial failure and( potentially)p reventingi te xplains the contemporary interest in the field from materials scientists and engineers. [10] Mechanochemical phenomena are of interest to organic and physicalc hemists thanks to their potentialt oe xpand our understanding of how external variables can affect and control chemicalr eactivity.Acomputationally and conceptually tractable model of localized reactioni nastretched polymer is an isolated reactives ite with tensile force acting between the same pair of atoms that connectt his moiety to the rest of the macrochain. [11][12][13] Consequently,c hemists discuss polymer mechanochemistry in terms of effectso ff orce on reactivitya nd contrasts are often drawn in the literature between force and other experimentalv ariables that affect reaction rates, mecha-nisms and energies, including temperature and (more rarely) pressure, solvento re lectromagnetic fields. An important, if underappreciated, aspect of this view of polymerm echanochemistry is that in it force is not af undamental physicalq uantity, but simply ac onvenienta pproach to making the system tractable by (in the words of Wilczek) "offering approximate, truncated description of the dynamics of matter [that] is easier to use and focuseso nt he relevant" [14] than the alternatives,t hus "shielding us from irrelevant details" (e.g.,a tomicm otions in parts of the macrochain far removed from the reacting site). This approacho fm odeling localized chemical reactivity in complex dynamic systems by representi...

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Crack Damage in Polymers and Composites: A Review

Cited by 157 publications

References 202 publications

Electro-Mechanical Properties of Multilayer Graphene-Based Polymeric Composite Obtained through a Capillary Rise Method

Electro-Mechanical Properties of Multilayer Graphene-Based Polymeric Composite Obtained through a Capillary Rise Method

Fish DNA-modified clays: Towards highly flame retardant polymer nanocomposite with improved interfacial and mechanical performance

The Challenges and Opportunities of Contemporary Polymer Mechanochemistry

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