Crack cocaine trajectories among users in a midwestern American city

Falck, Russel S.; Carlson, Robert G.

doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2007.01915.x

Cited by 42 publications

(43 citation statements)

References 52 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Findings from large scale epidemiological studies have shown that more than 30 percent of people who have smoked crack experienced symptoms of cocaine dependence within 2 years of initiating use (Chen and Anthony, 2004). Results from our crack trajectories study revealed 33% of users met current cocaine dependence criteria (Falck et al, 2007). While data from these recent studies suggest that many people who move beyond experimentation with crack will develop cocaine dependency, they also suggest that some people who use the drug can do so over long periods of time without becoming addicted to it.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

“…There were no statistically significant differences between those in the continued use group who completed the final interview and those who did not return for the final interview in terms of age, race/ethnicity, gender, or educational status. Additional information on the follow-up process and rates is available elsewhere (Falck et al, 2007).…”

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some follow-up interviews were audio computer self-administered (ACASI). More detail on data collection is available elsewhere (Falck et al, 2007).…”

Section: Data Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Among long-term crack smokers, who avoids and who succumbs to cocaine addiction?

Falck¹,

Wang²,

Carlson³

2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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Crack cocaine is a highly addictive drug. To learn more about crack addiction, long-term crack smokers who had never met the DSM-IV criteria for lifetime cocaine dependence were compared with those who had. The study sample consisted of crack users (n=172) from the Dayton, Ohio, area who were interviewed periodically over 8 years. Data were collected on a range of variables including age of crack initiation, frequency of recent use, and lifetime cocaine dependence. Cocaine dependence was common with 62.8% of the sample having experienced it. There were no statistically significant differences between dependent and non-dependent users for age of crack initiation or frequency of crack use. In terms of sociodemographics, only race/ethnicity was significant, with proportionally fewer African-Americans than whites meeting the criteria for cocaine dependence. Controlling for sociodemographics, partial correlation analysis showed positive, statistically significant relationships between lifetime cocaine dependence and anti-social personality disorder, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and lifetime dependence on alcohol, cannabis, amphetamine, sedative-hypnotics, and opioids. These results highlight the importance addressing race/ethnicity and comorbid disorders when developing, implementing, and evaluating interventions targeting people who use crack cocaine. Additional research is needed to better understand the role of race/ethnicity in the development of cocaine dependence resulting from crack use.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 73%

Section: Samplementioning

confidence: 99%

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Among long-term crack smokers, who avoids and who succumbs to cocaine addiction?

Falck¹,

Wang²,

Carlson³

2008

Drug and Alcohol Dependence

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“…O contexto de vulnerabilidade que permeia a vida dos usuários de crack pode ser exacerbado pelo uso compulsivo dessa substância, fazendo com que muitos se exponham a outras situações agravantes para a saúde. Nesse sentido, no Brasil e no exterior, alguns estudos realizados com usuários de crack encontraram perfi s bastante similares, caracterizados principalmente por maioria do sexo masculino, jovens e de baixo nível educacional (Falck, Wang, & Carlson, 2007;Laranjeira & Ribeiro, 2010;Pulcherio, Stolf, Pettenon, Fensterseifer, & Kessler, 2010).…”

Section: Perfi L De Los Consumidores De Crack En La Ciudad De Santos unclassified

Perfil de usuários de crack no município de Santos

et al. 2017

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ResumoO uso do crack é uma questão complexa, que exige inovações e articulações intersetoriais na proposição de políticas públicas efi cazes. Objetivo: descrever o perfi l dos usuários de crack do município de Santos/ SP. Método: estudo transversal e de abordagem quantitativa. Participaram 292 sujeitos, de ambos os sexos, com idade acima de dezoito anos. A amostra foi selecionada por meio da técnica da bola de neve. Utilizou-se para a coleta de dados uma versão adaptada do Addiction Severity Index. Resultados: O perfi l dos investigados indica maior prevalência de sujeitos do sexo masculino, solteiros, moradores de rua, com idade média de 35 anos, escolaridade média de 8 anos, problemas relacionados aos vínculos familiar e social, presença marcante de sintomas psicológicos e psiquiátricos, início de consumo de crack na vida adulta, poliusuários de substâncias psicoativas e sem histórico de tratamento. Conclusões: A constatação de tal perfi l sugere que as intervenções fundamentadas nas Estratégias de Redução de Danos feitas in loco, com objetivo educativo e preventivo, podem ser as formas mais adequadas de se conseguir inserção e reduzir os danos nesta população. Assim, tais achados podem auxiliar e fortalecer políticas públicas, tal como o consultório na rua, especialmente na área de álcool ou outras drogas.Palavras-chave: Cocaína-crack, transtornos relacionados ao uso de cocaína, características da população.

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“…This large four-city cohort, while broader than single-community samples, 33 was not nationally representative. However, there has been no trajectory analysis of these drugs in a national sample.…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectories of Drug Use and Mortality Outcomes Among Adults Followed Over 18 Years

et al. 2012

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BACKGROUND: For adults in general population community settings, data regarding long-term course and outcomes of illicit drug use are sparse, limiting the formulation of evidence-based recommendations for drug use screening of adults in primary care. OBJECTIVE: To describe trajectories of three illicit drugs (cocaine, opioids, amphetamines) among adults in community settings, and to assess their relation to all-cause mortality. 1987/88, 1990/91, 1992/93, 1995/96, 2000/01, 2005/ 06. Survey-based assessment of demographics and psychosocial characteristics. Mortality over 18 years. RESULTS: Trajectory analysis identified four groups: Nonusers (n=3691, 85.8%), Early Occasional Users (n= 340, 7.9%), Persistent Occasional Users (n=160, 3.7%), and Early Frequent/Later Occasional Users (n=110, 2.6%). Trajectories conformed to expected patterns regarding demographics, other substance use, family background and education. Adjusting for demographics, baseline health status, health behaviors (alcohol, tobacco), and psychosocial characteristics, Early Frequent/Later Occasional Users had greater all-cause mortality (Hazard Ratio, HR = 4.94, 95% CI = 1. 58-15.51, p=0.006). LIMITATIONS: Study is restricted to three common drugs, and trajectory analyses represent statistical approximations rather than identifiable "types". Causal inferences are tentative. CONCLUSIONS:Four trajectories describe illicit drug use from young adulthood to middle age. Two trajectories, representing over one third of adult users, continued use into middle age. These persons were more likely to continue harmful risk behaviors such as smoking, and more likely to die.

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Crack cocaine trajectories among users in a midwestern American city

Abstract: Crack cocaine use that persists for a decade or longer may well be the norm for a large proportion of people who have experience with the drug.

Cited by 42 publications

References 52 publications

Among long-term crack smokers, who avoids and who succumbs to cocaine addiction?

Among long-term crack smokers, who avoids and who succumbs to cocaine addiction?

Perfil de usuários de crack no município de Santos

Trajectories of Drug Use and Mortality Outcomes Among Adults Followed Over 18 Years

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