“…Several AE parameters like AE hits, AE energy, cumulative signal strength, rise angle, average frequency, and so on can be used to characterize the damage and AE indices like Calm Ratio, Relaxation Ratio, and so on can be used to quantify the damage. Various researchers have applied AE techniques to classify the crack, [9][10][11] to detect the degree of damage, 7,12,13 to correlate the average frequency and rise angle of AE events with cracking pattern and its types, 14 to quantify the damage level using Felicity Ratio and Calm Ratio 12 and variation of other AE indices like Calm Ratio and Relaxation Ratio with damage. 15 Commonly used methods to quantify damage levels using AE techniques in concrete structures are intensity analysis (IA), b-value analysis, and improved b-value analysis.…”