CP and CP-PGN protect mice against MRSA infection by inducing M1 macrophages

Abstract

Corynebacterium pyruviciproducens (C. pyruviciproducens, CP), as a newly discovered immunomodulator, has been confirmed to have a stronger immunoregulation than Propionibacterium acnes (P. acnes) of the traditional immune adjuvant, by previous experiments with model antigen ovalbumin and sheep red blood cells. Here, it was designed to assess its ability to resist methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), since MRSA as a vital gram positive pathogen is characterized by high morbidity and mortality. In this report, it was indicated that C. pyruviciproducens and its peptidoglycan (CP-PGN) could help to be against bloodstream infection of MRSA with raised survival rate, decreased bacteria load and alleviated systemic inflammation, and these effects of CP-PGN were more pronounced. However, the whole CP was inclined to prevent localized abdominal infection of MRSA from progressing to a systemic infection. And they showed the potential as a therapeutic drug alone or combined with vancomycin. The diversity of capacity of activating macrophages induced by CP and CP-PGN may result in distinct resistance to MRSA in different infection models. Furthermore, both CP and CP-PGN induced M1 macrophages. In conclusion, CP and its PGN could act as promising immune agents to treat and prevent MRSA infection.

CD200 Modulates S. aureus-Induced Innate Immune Responses Through Suppressing p38 Signaling

“…Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become a main cause of hospital-associated infections, with high morbidity and mortality rates [1]. As a central component of antimicrobial host defense, macrophages play a critical role in preventing and limiting MRSA infections by recognizing, engulfing, and eliminating the pathogens [2]. Proinflammatory cytokines produced and released by macrophages activate various immune cells and protect against S. aureus infection effectively.…”

Peptidoglycan-Like Components in Z-100, Extracted from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Strain Aoyama B, Increase IL-12p40 via NOD2

“…Several methods for analyzing PG have been reported [16][17][18]. In this study, we used enzymatic digestion with mutanolysin followed by LC-MS/MS analysis to detect PG fragments.…”

Corynebacterium pyruviciproducens-peptidoglycan: A novel bacterial peptidoglycan inhibiting overexpression of MyD88 in macrophages

“…CP-PGN and M-PGN were extracted according to trichloroacetic acid (TCA) method, as described before. [18][19][20] The extracted product was identified as a conserved bacterial peptidoglycan by Fourier spectrum analysis (Kebiao Testing Institute, Qingdao, China), presenting conserved structures of polysaccharide skeleton and polypeptide chain. In addition, this extract could be completely degraded by lysozyme.…”

“…Primary peritoneal macrophages were derived from BALB/c mice (Yangzhou University, China), referring to the previous reports. 18,20 Peritoneal macrophages were harvested immediately by lavaging with PBS repeatedly. Red blood cell (RBC) lysis buffer was used to destroy RBCs.…”

“…17 Our previous studies indicated that the newly discovered Corynebacterium pyruviciproducens (C. pyruviciproducens, CP) and its peptidoglycan (CP-PGN) displayed significant immune adjuvant function and attenuated inflammatory damage caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection by TLR2-dependent pathway. [18][19][20] Here, in comparison with other peptidoglycan and model ligands of TLR2, we investigated the regulation of CP-PGN on MyD88 expression to understand its immunomodulatory effect against infection. This may illustrate the diversity of TLR2-MyD88 signaling in different bacterial peptidoglycans during microbial infection.…”