COYOTE (CANIS LATRANS) AND DOMESTIC DOG (CANIS FAMILIARIS) MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY DUE TO A KARENIA BREVIS RED TIDE IN THE GULF OF MEXICO

Castle, Kevin T.; Flewelling, Leanne J.; Bryan, John A.; Kramer, Adam; Lindsay, James R.; Nevada, Cheyenne; Stablein, Wade; Wong, David; Landsberg, Jan H.

doi:10.7589/2012-11-299

Cited by 13 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…While our results were unexpected, dogs have previously been implicated as scavengers Castle et al (2013) providing some rather dramatic, and unexpected, supporting evidence that domestic dogs can be scavengers of dead fish on beaches. Castle et al (2013) report that red tides along the Texas coasts caused the death of numerous fish that washed ashore on the beaches, and following this carrion pulse, several coyotes and dogs died or had to be euthanized. The likely cause of the canids' deaths was poisoning by presumptive ingestion of toxic dead fish (Castle et al 2013).…”

Section: Foxes and Dogs On Beaches: Ecological Implicationssupporting

confidence: 77%

“…Castle et al (2013) report that red tides along the Texas coasts caused the death of numerous fish that washed ashore on the beaches, and following this carrion pulse, several coyotes and dogs died or had to be euthanized. The likely cause of the canids' deaths was poisoning by presumptive ingestion of toxic dead fish (Castle et al 2013).…”

Section: Foxes and Dogs On Beaches: Ecological Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conservation gone to the dogs: when canids rule the beach in small coastal reserves

et al. 2014

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On most developed coastlines, dunes backing ocean beaches constitute an urbanised landscape mosaic containing remnant pockets of small conservation areas. Urbanised beaches are also prime sites for domestic dogs, known to be environmentally harmful in many other settings. It is unknown, however, whether small, protected parcels of dune are adequate for biological conservation and whether dogs compromise their functional conservation objectives. Here we examine, for two small (2 km ocean boundary) reserves in Eastern Australia abutting an urban area, whether such small reserves can continue to function as effective conservation instruments on ocean beaches, using scavenger community composition and efficiency to assess ecosystem function. Two non-native species of canidsdomestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)-were ubiquitous and numerous inside conservation areas, to the point of having become the most abundant vertebrate scavengers at the beach-dune interface, outcompeting native scavengers for wavecast carrion. Dogs and foxes have effectively supplanted raptors, normally abundant on nonurban beaches in the region, and other avian scavengers, as the principal consumers of animal carcasses both inside the declared reserves and at the urban beach. Whilst the ecological threats posed by foxes are widely and intensively addressed in Australia in the form of fox-control programs, dog controls are less common and stringent. Our data emphasize, however, that managing domestic dogs may be required to the same extent in order to maintain key forms and functions in coastal reserves situated close to urban areas.

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Section: Foxes and Dogs On Beaches: Ecological Implicationssupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Foxes and Dogs On Beaches: Ecological Implicationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Conservation gone to the dogs: when canids rule the beach in small coastal reserves

et al. 2014

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“…It is possible that developing eggs/embryos and hatchlings are exposed to brevetoxins while in the nest, as brevetoxins have been detected in sand samples during red tide blooms (Castle et al, 2013). However, we assume that this is unlikely for three reasons.…”

Section: Maternal Transfer Of Brevetoxins and Correlations With Repromentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If brevetoxins were present in the sand, it is likely that all samples would have yielded positive results. Lastly, the sand samples that were collected in Castle et al (2013) were collected during or immediately after a bloom and it is likely that the sand in our study had no brevetoxins, as no bloom had occurred in this area for well over one year.…”

Section: Maternal Transfer Of Brevetoxins and Correlations With Repromentioning

confidence: 99%

Maternal transfer and sublethal immune system effects of brevetoxin exposure in nesting loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from western Florida

et al. 2016

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Blooms of Karenia brevis (also called red tides) occur almost annually in the Gulf of Mexico. The health effects of the neurotoxins (i.e., brevetoxins) produced by this toxic dinoflagellate on marine turtles are poorly understood. Florida's Gulf Coast represents an important foraging and nesting area for a number of marine turtle species. Most studies investigating brevetoxin exposure in marine turtles thus far focus on dead and/or stranded individuals and rarely examine the effects in apparently "healthy" free-ranging individuals. From May-July 2014, one year after the last red tide bloom, we collected blood from nesting loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) on Casey Key, Florida USA. These organisms show both strong nesting and foraging site fidelity. The plasma was analyzed for brevetoxin concentrations in addition to a number of health and immune-related parameters in an effort to establish sublethal effects of this toxin. Lastly, from July-September 2014, we collected unhatched eggs and liver and yolk sacs from dead-in-nest hatchlings from nests laid by the sampled females and tested these samples for brevetoxin concentrations to determine maternal transfer and effects on reproductive success. Using a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), all plasma samples from nesting females tested positive for brevetoxin (reported as ng brevetoxin-3[PbTx-3] equivalents [eq]/mL) exposure (2.1-26.7ng PbTx-3eq/mL). Additionally, 100% of livers (1.4-13.3ng PbTx-3eq/mL) and yolk sacs (1.7-6.6ng PbTx-3eq/mL) from dead-in-nest hatchlings and 70% of eggs (<1.0-24.4ng PbTx-3eq/mL) tested positive for brevetoxin exposure with the ELISA. We found that plasma brevetoxin concentrations determined by an ELISA in nesting females positively correlated with gamma-globulins, indicating a potential for immunomodulation as a result of brevetoxin exposure. While the sample sizes were small, we also found that plasma brevetoxin concentrations determined by an ELISA in nesting females significantly correlated with liver brevetoxin concentrations of dead-in-nest hatchlings and that brevetoxins could be related to a decreased reproductive success in this species. This study suggests that brevetoxins can still elicit negative effects on marine life long after a bloom has dissipated. These results improve our understanding of maternal transfer and sublethal effects of brevetoxin exposure in marine turtles.

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“…Naturally occurring brevetoxicosis fatalities have involved aquatic invertebrates, fish, sea turtle, seabirds, marine mammals (pinnipeds, cetaceans, and sirenians), terrestrial mammals (coyotes, domestic dogs), green tree frogs, and ground squirrels (Castle et al, 2013;Buttke et al, 2018). Brevetoxins have had the greatest impact in aquatic organisms as they may vector into the food chain, killing fish, invertebrates, birds, sea turtles, and marine mammals (Lowenstine, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Case of Brevetoxicosis Linked to Rough-Toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis) Mass-Mortality Event in Eastern Central Atlantic Ocean: A Climate Change Effect?

et al. 2022

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Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have been increasingly recorded over the last decades and much work has linked these events to multiple oceanographic and climate disturbances. HABs can affect ecosystems either as events that affect dissolved oxygen, clog fish gills, or smother corals or through the production of biotoxins which affect living marine resources through food web transfers or aerosols. HAB represent a natural driver of decline and potential extinction of aquatic organisms, from invertebrates to mammals, which may offer little evolutionary adaptation particularly in very high and long-lasting exposures. Despite numerous multispecies mass-mortality events linked to HAB-associated biotoxicosis globally, there are no records in cetaceans off the central eastern Atlantic Ocean. Herein, we report the epidemiology, pathologic, microbiologic and toxicologic investigation results attesting to the first documentation of cetacean mass-mortality in European waters associated with brevetoxins. Twelve rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis) were found dead adrift or beached along the southwestern coast of Gran Canaria from April 28th to May 7th, 2008. Although pathologic examinations were limited by moderate to advanced autolysis and decomposition of the carcasses, consistent findings included multisystemic hemorrhage and undigested ingesta within the gastric compartments, mainly salema porgy (Sarpa salpa). Toxicologic analysis of gastric contents identified PbTx2 and PbTx3 brevetoxins. Our results provide compelling toxicopathologic evidence of fatal brevetoxicosis in a cohort of rough-toothed dolphins. These data add to the limited knowledge on pathology of HAB in cetaceans and provide the first account of brevetoxicosis in European waters. No other mass-mortality or individual fatality of any cetacean species has been linked to brevetoxicosis in the Canary Islands since this event.

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COYOTE (CANIS LATRANS) AND DOMESTIC DOG (CANIS FAMILIARIS) MORTALITY AND MORBIDITY DUE TO A KARENIA BREVIS RED TIDE IN THE GULF OF MEXICO

Cited by 13 publications

References 21 publications

Conservation gone to the dogs: when canids rule the beach in small coastal reserves

Conservation gone to the dogs: when canids rule the beach in small coastal reserves

Maternal transfer and sublethal immune system effects of brevetoxin exposure in nesting loggerhead sea turtles (Caretta caretta) from western Florida

First Case of Brevetoxicosis Linked to Rough-Toothed Dolphin (Steno bredanensis) Mass-Mortality Event in Eastern Central Atlantic Ocean: A Climate Change Effect?

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