Cowpea mild mottle virus (Carlavirus, Betaflexiviridae): a review

Abstract

In this review we describe and discuss the biology and aspects of infection of a pathogen, the RNA virus Cowpea mild mottle virus (CPMMV), that emerged as a problem in soybean and is re-emerging in common bean. The review takes a global perspective but has an emphasis on Brazilian soybean in which CPMMV causes stem necrosis. Since its first description in Ghana in 1973, CPMMV has spread across the world and, although it principally infects Fabaceae, it is also able to infect hosts from Solanaceae and Lamiaceae. While the problem in soybean is being tackled with resistant varieties, CPMMV is re-emerging in genetically modified common bean. To limit the impact of CPMMV and combat future outbreaks, it is necessary to understand the ecological and evolutionary factors that influence its emergence. We identify surveillance as a key defense against CPMMV, as CPMMV is transmitted non-persistently by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, there is the possibility of seed transmission and the virus is able to cause asymptomatic infections. We discuss the potential for development of resistant crop lines and identify key areas for future research.

Comparative transcriptome analysis reveals genetic diversity in the endosymbiont Hamiltonella between native and exotic populations of Bemisia tabaci from Brazil

“…Interestingly, each of these viruses has a different mode of transmission by the whitefly vector. The begomoviruses, EuYMV is transmitted in a persistent manner, the crinivirus, ToCV is transmitted in a semipersistent manner and the carlavirus, CpMMV is transmitted in a non-persistent mode [ 48 , 49 ], which is a very unusual mode of transmission among B . tabaci transmitted viruses.…”

Mechanisms of plant virus transmission by the whitefly <italic>Bemisia tabaci</italic>

“…Ateka等人 [103] 通过对几种甘薯病毒属病毒的基因组进行分析, 发现 104~107] , 其他病毒 被认为由蚜虫传播 [15] . CPMMV可以侵染花生(Arachis hypogaea)、大豆(Glycine max)以及菜豆(Phaseolus vulgaris)等作物, 但对大豆生产造成的损失最为严重 [108] . CPMMV一开始被认为通过烟粉虱以半持久型方式传 播 [104] , 随后更多的证据表明其获取病毒以及传播病毒 的时间均只有几分钟且没有潜伏期, 因此目前认为该 病毒是通过烟粉虱以非持久型的方式传播的 [108,109] .…”

Whole‐genome single nucleotide polymorphism and mating compatibility studies reveal the presence of distinct species in sub‐Saharan Africa Bemisia tabaci whiteflies

“…Members of the species complex differ greatly in host-plant range (Zang et al, 2006;Xu et al, 2011), inducement of phytotoxic disorders (Sseruwagi et al, 2005;Vyskočilová et al, 2018), resistance to insecticides (Wang et al, 2012;Horowitz & Ishaaya, 2014), invasiveness (Brown et al, 1995;Liu et al, 2007) and specificity of begomovirus transmission (Fiallo-Olivé et al, 2020), which creates challenges in identifying and managing them. The most significant threat posed by B. tabaci is the ability of its members collectively to vector over 300 plant viruses belonging predominantly to the genus Begomovirus, but also including devastating plant viruses from the genera Carlavirus, Crinivirus, Ipomovirus, Polerovirus and Torradovirus (Ng & Falk, 2006;Amari et al, 2008;Navas-Castillo et al, 2011;Zanardo & Carvalho, 2017;Ghosh et al, 2019). In sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), B. tabaci vectors cassava mosaic begomoviruses (CMBs) (Storey & Nichols, 1938) and cassava brown streak ipomoviruses (CBSIs) (Maruthi et al, 2005;Mware et al, 2009).…”