2021
DOI: 10.1002/jmv.27487
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COVID‐19 vaccinations: The unknowns, challenges, and hopes

Abstract: The entire world has been suffering from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic since March 11, 2020. More than a year later, the COVID‐19 vaccination brought hope to control this viral pandemic. Here, we review the unknowns of the COVID‐19 vaccination, such as its longevity, asymptomatic spread, long‐term side effects, and its efficacy on immunocompromised patients. In addition, we discuss challenges associated with the COVID‐19 vaccination, such as the global access and distribution of vaccine dose… Show more

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Cited by 86 publications
(61 citation statements)
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References 104 publications
(187 reference statements)
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“…Moreover, a great effort has been put forward to develop vaccine candidates using various approaches, including classical (inactivated, live-attenuated, recombinant vaccines) and more innovative (mRNA, DNA, adenoviral vector vaccines) ones. The COVID-19 vaccines were made available with unseen speed due to years of basic and applied research, technological advances and platforms that enable the rapid development of candidates (e.g., mRNA), significant funding, running multiple trials in parallel, and regulatory agencies working at an extraordinary pace [ 2 ]. Until the end of 2021, four COVID-19 vaccines were approved in the European Union: two mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2 (BioNTech/Pfizer, Germany, Mainz/New York, NY, USA) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA), given as two doses 21 and 28 days apart, respectively, as well as two adenoviral vector vaccines: AZD1222 (Oxford/AstraZeneca, UK/Sweden), administered as two doses 4–12 weeks apart, and Ad26.COV2.S Janssen/Johnson & Johnson, Leiden, Netherlands/New Brunswick, NJ, USA), given as a single dose.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…Moreover, a great effort has been put forward to develop vaccine candidates using various approaches, including classical (inactivated, live-attenuated, recombinant vaccines) and more innovative (mRNA, DNA, adenoviral vector vaccines) ones. The COVID-19 vaccines were made available with unseen speed due to years of basic and applied research, technological advances and platforms that enable the rapid development of candidates (e.g., mRNA), significant funding, running multiple trials in parallel, and regulatory agencies working at an extraordinary pace [ 2 ]. Until the end of 2021, four COVID-19 vaccines were approved in the European Union: two mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2 (BioNTech/Pfizer, Germany, Mainz/New York, NY, USA) and mRNA-1273 (Moderna, Cambridge, MA, USA), given as two doses 21 and 28 days apart, respectively, as well as two adenoviral vector vaccines: AZD1222 (Oxford/AstraZeneca, UK/Sweden), administered as two doses 4–12 weeks apart, and Ad26.COV2.S Janssen/Johnson & Johnson, Leiden, Netherlands/New Brunswick, NJ, USA), given as a single dose.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…This has mainly concerned the B.1.617.2 (delta) variant that was first identified in India in December 2020 and became dominant in the European Region by June/July 2021 [ 8 ]. A number of post-authorization studies originating from different countries in mid-2021 have shown that despite SARS-CoV-2 evolution, vaccination continues to decrease the risk of contracting the virus [ 2 , 9 , 10 , 11 ], while in the case of breakthrough infection, the risk of severe disease, hospitalization, and death is significantly reduced [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. However, SARS-CoV-2, similarly to other respiratory viruses, reveals a strong seasonal pattern in the temperate zone, with infection rates rising in the autumn-winter season [ 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Omicron has more than 30-residue mutations in the spike protein in comparison to 15-residue mutations in the Delta variant [1], which might be the reason for its enhanced transmissibility [2]. The kinds of vaccines approved have played great roles in controlling the spread of SARS-CoV-2 [3,4]. However, with the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and the emergence of VOCs, the antibodies generated by the current vaccines might lose neutralization capability to the variants [5][6][7].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The first coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines received emergency authorizations within a year of the first documented COVID-19 outbreak was reported in Wuhan, China. The landscape of COVID-19 vaccine candidates was highly diverse in 2020 [ 1 ], with eventually over 20 approved in different parts of the world [ 2 ]. Although some of these vaccines are based on a more classical approach, i.e., inactivated severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) or recombination proteins, the major role in global vaccination campaigns is played by vaccines based on innovative solutions employing adenoviral vectors and messenger RNA (mRNA) enveloped by lipid nanoparticle carriers [ 3 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…One should also note that routine aspiration during COVID-19 vaccination would increase the risk of wasting vaccine doses [ 23 ]. On the other hand, more than 20 different COVID-19 vaccines were already available by the end of 2021 in different part of the world [ 2 ], while a major concern was not the production capacity, but the inequality of vaccine distribution and accessibility due to insufficient involvement of developed regions in supporting the vaccination campaigns in the low-income countries [ 2 , 43 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%