COVID-19 Vaccination and Estimated Public Health Impact in California

Tan, Sophia T.; Park, Hailey J; Rodríguez-Barraquer, Isabel; Rutherford, George W.; Bibbins‐Domingo, Kirsten; Schechter, R.S.; Lo, Nathan

doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.8526

Cited by 17 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Previous literature also found that the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States was characterized by a geographically localized mosaic of transmission along an urban-rural gradient ( 8 - 9 ), suggesting that geographic distance may play an important role in SARS-CoV-2 spread. Finally, the public health impact of COVID-19 vaccines has already been widely discussed in the literature ( 10 - 13 ) and our study confirms previous evidence.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Risk Factors Associated with the Spatiotemporal Spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 Variant — Shanghai Municipality, China, 2022

Wen¹,

Deng²,

Cheng³

et al. 2023

China CDC Weekly

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What is already known about this topic?Previous studies have explored the spatial transmission patterns of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and have assessed the associated risk factors. However, none of these studies have quantitatively described the spatiotemporal transmission patterns and risk factors for Omicron BA.2 at the micro (within-city) scale. What is added by this report?This study highlights the heterogeneous spread of the 2022 Omicron BA.2 epidemic in Shanghai, and identifies associations between different metrics of spatial spread at the subdistrict level and demographic and socioeconomic characteristics of the population, human mobility patterns, and adopted interventions. What are the implications for public health practice?Disentangling different risk factors might contribute to a deeper understanding of the transmission dynamics and ecology of coronavirus disease 2019 and an effective design of monitoring and management strategies.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Risk Factors Associated with the Spatiotemporal Spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 Variant — Shanghai Municipality, China, 2022

Wen¹,

Deng²,

Cheng³

et al. 2023

China CDC Weekly

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“…Pakistan has reported about 1.5 million cases of COVID-19 and nearly 31,000 deaths [2, 3]. COVID-19 vaccines have had a significant impact on controlling both morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 [4, 5]. The proportion of deaths to cases changed greatly throughout the pandemic with reduced disease severity after vaccines were introduced and the evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoC) toward higher transmissibility and lower pathogenicity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sequential viral introductions and spread of BA.1 drove the Omicron wave across Pakistani provinces

Raza

Ashraf

Kanji

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Background: COVID-19 waves caused by specific SARS-CoV-2 variants have occurred globally at different times. We focused on Omicron variants to understand the genomic diversity and phylogenetic relatedness of SARS-CoV-2 strains in various regions of Pakistan. Methods: We studied 276,525 COVID-19 cases and 1,041 genomes sequenced from December 2021 to August 2022. Sequences were analyzed and visualized using phylogenetic trees. Results: The highest case numbers and deaths were recorded in Sindh and Punjab, the most populous provinces in Pakistan. Omicron variants comprised 95% of all genomes, with BA.2 (34.2%) and BA.5 (44.6%) predominating. The first Omicron wave was associated with the sequential identification of BA.1 in Sindh, then Islamabad Capital Territory, Punjab, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK), Gilgit-Baltistan (GB) and Balochistan. Phylogenetic analysis revealed Sindh to be the source of BA.1 and BA.2 introductions into Punjab and Balochistan during early 2022. BA.4 was first introduced in AJK and BA.5 in Punjab. Most recent common ancestor (MRCA) analysis revealed relatedness between the earliest BA.1 genome from Sindh with Balochistan, AJK, Punjab and ICT, and that of first BA.1 from Punjab with strains from KPK and GB. Conclusions: Phylogenetic analysis provides insights into the introduction and transmission dynamics of the Omicron variant in Pakistan, identifying Sindh as a hotspot for viral dissemination. Such data linked with public health efforts can help limit surges of new infections.

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“…COVID-19 vaccines included formulations based on mRNA expression of spike protein, adenovirus vector-based vaccines, and inactivated vaccine types (2). They have had a major impact on controlling both morbidity and mortality from COVID-19 (3, 4), leading to what in 2022 is thought to be the tail end of the pandemic (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) vaccination- induced immunity is affected by age, gender and prior COVID-19 and activates responses to spike and other antigens

Hasan¹,

Masood²,

Qaiser³

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Long-term solutions against SARS-CoV-2 infections require understanding of immune protection induced by different vaccine COVID-19 formulations. We investigated humoral and cellular immunity induced by Sinopharm (BBIBP-CorV) in a region of high SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence. Levels of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its receptor-binding domain (RBD) were determined 24-weeks. Cellular immunity was investigated using a commercially available IFN-γ release assay to SARS-CoV-2 spike (Ag1 and 2) and extended genome antigens (Ag3). Increasing IgG seropositivity to Spike protein and RBD was observed post-vaccination. Seropositivity was reduced in those over 50 years and raised in females and those with prior COVID-19. After 20 weeks post-vaccination, only one third of participants had positive T cell responses to SARS-CoV-2 antigens. Prior COVID-19 impacted IFNγ responses, with reactivity enhanced in those infected earlier. The frequency of IFNγ responses was highest to extended genome antigen set. Overall, BBIBP-CorV- induced antibody responses were impacted by age, gender and prior COVID-19. Cellular immunity was present in a limited number of individuals after 20 weeks but was enhanced by prior infection. This suggests the need for booster vaccinations in older individuals. BBIBP-CorV induced cellular activation is broader than to spike, requiring further study to understand how to monitor vaccine effectiveness.

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COVID-19 Vaccination and Estimated Public Health Impact in California

Cited by 17 publications

References 21 publications

Risk Factors Associated with the Spatiotemporal Spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 Variant — Shanghai Municipality, China, 2022

Risk Factors Associated with the Spatiotemporal Spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 Variant — Shanghai Municipality, China, 2022

Sequential viral introductions and spread of BA.1 drove the Omicron wave across Pakistani provinces

BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) vaccination- induced immunity is affected by age, gender and prior COVID-19 and activates responses to spike and other antigens

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