COVID-19: Significance of antibodies

Abstract

The newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) has recently caused pandemic Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19). Considering the serious medical, economic and social consequences of this pandemic and the lack of definite medication and vaccine it is necessary to describe natural immune responses to the SARS-CoV-2 in order to exploit them for treating the patients and monitoring the general population. Moreover, detecting the most immunogenic antigens of the virus is fundamental for designing effective vaccines. Antibodies being valuable for diagnostic therapeutic and protective purposes are suitable to be addressed in this context. Herein, we have summarized the findings of serological investigations and the outcomes of neutralizing antibodies administration in COVID-19 patients.

SARS-CoV-2 antibody seroprevalence in NHS healthcare workers in a large double-sited UK hospital

“…Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) pandemic, stimulates an antibody response in both symptomatic and asymptomatic infection. 1,2 Healthcare workers (HCWs) were shown to be at increased risk of infection in previous coronavirus outbreaks, 3 making up 21.3% of total severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) infections and 18.9% of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) infections. 4 Available data suggest they remain at high risk of COVID-19, 5 and more likely to show a positive COVID-19 antigen test result compared to the general population.…”

An mRNA vaccine against SARS-CoV-2: Lyophilized, liposome-based vaccine candidate EG-COVID induces high levels of virus neutralizing antibodies

“…We demonstrated EG-COVID generated neutralizing antibodies against recombinant RBD protein. Since there was an approach whereby neutralizing antibodies directed primarily to RBD of spike protein could be applied as a complementary option to treat severe forms of COVID-19 (Assadiasl et al, 2020), the neutralizing antibody titer induced by EG-COVID could be an important indicator of an effective vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 infection.…”

“…The mRNA vaccine combines the benefits of the subunit vaccine and the live attenuated vaccine, and there is no risk associated with the live attenuated vaccine or the DNA vaccine (Reichmuth et al, 2016). Of all the viral antigens studied, the spike (S) and nucleocapsid (N) proteins are considered to be important immunogenic antigens for SARS-CoV-2 (Assadiasl, 2020). Among these, most vaccine candidates use the coronavirus glycosylated spike protein (S) as the primary antigenic target.…”

The Significance of COVID-19 Immunological Status in Severe Neurological Complications and Multiple Sclerosis—A Literature Review

“…Severe acute respiratory virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for COVID-19, has affected over 151 million people and contributed to over 3 million deaths [ 2 ]. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive-sense single-stranded RNA virus and is composed mainly of N (nucleocapsid), S (spike), M (membrane) and E (envelope) proteins [ 3 , 4 ]. Entrance into a host cell is induced by a connection between a spike protein and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor.…”