COVID-19 salivary Raman fingerprint: innovative approach for the detection of current and past SARS-CoV-2 infections

Carlomagno, Cristiano; Bertazioli, Dario; Gualerzi, Alice; Picciolini, Silvia; Banfi, Paolo; Lax, Agata; Messina, Enza; Navarro, Jorge; Bianchi, Luca; Caronni, Antonio; Marenco, Francesco; Monteleone, Serena; Arienti, Chiara; Bedoni, Marzia

doi:10.1038/s41598-021-84565-3

Cited by 104 publications

(120 citation statements)

References 58 publications

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“…[ 52 ] Recent studies conducted on SARS‐CoV‐2 and on other types of coronaviruses demonstrated the important presence of aromatic amino acids, including tryptophan, in the virus spike glycoproteins, identifying the so‐called tryptophan‐rich regions involved in the interaction between the virus and the receptor angiotensin converting enzyme type 2 (ACE2). [ 28 , 53 , 54 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosing COVID‐19 in human sera with detected immunoglobulins IgM and IgG by means of Raman spectroscopy

Goulart

Zângaro

Carvalho³

et al. 2021

J Raman Spectroscopy

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The severe COVID‐19 pandemic requires the development of novel, rapid, accurate, and label‐free techniques that facilitate the detection and discrimination of SARS‐CoV‐2 infected subjects. Raman spectroscopy has been used to diagnose COVID‐19 in serum samples of suspected patients without clinical symptoms of COVID‐19 but presented positive immunoglobulins M and G (IgM and IgG) assays versus Control (negative IgM and IgG). A dispersive Raman spectrometer (830 nm, 350 mW) was employed, and triplicate spectra were obtained. A total of 278 spectra were used from 94 serum samples (54 Control and 40 COVID‐19). The main spectral differences between the positive IgM and IgG versus Control, evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA), were features assigned to proteins including albumin (lower in the group COVID‐19 and in the group IgM/IgG and IgG positive) and features assigned to lipids, phospholipids, and carotenoids (higher the group COVID‐19 and in the group IgM/IgG positive). Features referred to nucleic acids, tryptophan, and immunoglobulins were also seen (higher the group COVID‐19). A discriminant model based on partial least squares regression (PLS‐DA) found sensitivity of 84.0%, specificity of 95.0%, and accuracy of 90.3% for discriminating positive Ig groups versus Control. When considering individual Ig group versus Control, it was found sensitivity of 77.3%, specificity of 97.5%, and accuracy of 88.8%. The higher classification error was found for the IgM group (no success classification). Raman spectroscopy may become a technique of choice for rapid serological evaluation aiming COVID‐19 diagnosis, mainly detecting the presence of IgM/IgG and IgG after COVID‐19 infection.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diagnosing COVID‐19 in human sera with detected immunoglobulins IgM and IgG by means of Raman spectroscopy

Goulart

Zângaro

Carvalho³

et al. 2021

J Raman Spectroscopy

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“…al. [14] , reported on SERS application to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in samples of human saliva. Additionally, Sánchez et.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Determination of the denaturation temperature of the Spike protein S1 of SARS-CoV-2 (2019 nCoV) by Raman spectroscopy

Hernández-Arteaga

Ojeda-Galván

Rodríguez-Aranda

et al. 2022

Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectros

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In the present work the temperature response of the constitutive S1 segment of the SARS-CoV-2 Spike Glycoprotein (GPS) has been studied. The intensity of the Raman bands remained almost constant before reaching a temperature of 133 °C. At this temperature a significant reduction of peak intensities was observed. Above 144 °C the spectra ceased to show any recognizable feature as that of the GPS S1, indicating that it had transformed after the denaturation process that it was subjected. The GPS S1 change is irreversible. Hence, Raman Spectroscopy (RS) provides a precision method to determine the denaturation temperature (T D ) of dry powder GPS S1. The ability of RS was calibrated through the reproduction of T D of other well studied proteins as well as those of the decomposition temperature of some amino acids (AA). Through this study we established a T D of 139 ± 3 °C for powder GPS S1 of SARS-CoV-2.

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“…The SERS measurements were conducted on a glass slide covered with commercially available aluminum foil. This Raman-based technique allowed the signal discrimination on samples collected from COVID-19 patients with accuracy, sensitivity, precision, and specificity of more than 95% [ 16 ]. In another recent work, Zhang et al showed the possibility of using the Raman technique to detect the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain as a Stable-Potential Target for SARS-CoV-2 Detection by Surface—Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

Awada

Abdullah

Traboulsi

et al. 2021

Sensors

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In this work, we report a new approach for detecting SARS-CoV-2 RBD protein (RBD) using the surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technique. The optical enhancement was obtained thanks to the preparation of nanostructured Ag/Au substrates. Fabricated Au/Ag nanostructures were used in the SERS experiment for RBD protein detection. SERS substrates show higher capabilities and sensitivity to detect RBD protein in a short time (3 s) and with very low power. We were able to push the detection limit of proteins to a single protein detection level of 1 pM. The latter is equivalent to 1 fM as a detection limit of viruses. Additionally, we have shown that the SERS technique was useful to figure out the presence of RBD protein on antibody functionalized substrates. In this case, the SERS detection was based on protein-antibody recognition, which led to shifts in the Raman peaks and allowed signal discrimination between RBD and other targets such as Bovine serum albumin (BSA) protein. A perfect agreement between a 3D simulated model based on finite element method and experiment was reported confirming the SERS frequency shift potential for trace proteins detection. Our results could open the way to develop a new prototype based on SERS sensitivity and selectivity for rapid detection at a very low concentration of virus and even at a single protein level.

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COVID-19 salivary Raman fingerprint: innovative approach for the detection of current and past SARS-CoV-2 infections

Cited by 104 publications

References 58 publications

Diagnosing COVID‐19 in human sera with detected immunoglobulins IgM and IgG by means of Raman spectroscopy

Diagnosing COVID‐19 in human sera with detected immunoglobulins IgM and IgG by means of Raman spectroscopy

Determination of the denaturation temperature of the Spike protein S1 of SARS-CoV-2 (2019 nCoV) by Raman spectroscopy

SARS-CoV-2 Receptor Binding Domain as a Stable-Potential Target for SARS-CoV-2 Detection by Surface—Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

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