COVID-19-related social isolation and symptoms of depression and anxiety in young men in Poland: Does insomnia mediate the relationship?

Abstract

The need for physical distancing due to COVID-19 mitigation efforts forced prolonged social isolation, which may affect sleep and lead to mental health problems. Previous research has shown that young adults are particularly vulnerable to psychological stress caused by social isolation, the negative psychological impact of the pandemic, and greater frequency and severity of sleep problems. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to examine whether insomnia could constitute a mediation mechanism that explains the relationship between social isolation experienced during the COVID-19 pandemic and mental health outcomes (depression and anxiety) reported up to 1.5 years later. The study was conducted among young (M±SD; 24.08±3.75) men (N = 1025) in Poland. Data were collected by means of self-report questionnaires, including The Social Isolation Index, The Athens Insomnia Scale, The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-S) and Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-II). The results show that insomnia mediates the relationships between social isolation and both anxiety and depression. The current findings emphasize the role of insomnia in the relationships between social isolation experienced during COVID-19 and negative emotional states. From a clinical perspective, the results suggest that implementing therapeutic components that address social isolation in insomnia treatment programs may prevent the development of depression and anxiety symptoms among young men.

Fear, stress, anxiety, depression and insomnia related to COVID-19 among undergraduate nursing students: An international survey

“…The differences between the findings might be explained by the various isolation measures that were used by the countries to limit the spread of COVID-19. This is important as the timing of the implementation of these measures can influence the severity of the adverse psychological sequelae [ 29 ]. Besides the different methods used in these studies, the definitions and sampling methods used also made the comparisons between the findings difficult to interpret.…”

Young Adults at the National Epicenter of the COVID-19 Outbreak: Understanding the Impact and Future Challenges of Social Distancing on Mental Health Outcomes

“…"Trouble falling or staying asleep, or sleeping too much". The PHQ-9 was scored according to the fol-lowing standard categorizations: mild (score of 5-9), moderate (score of [10][11][12][13][14], moderately severe (score of [15][16][17][18][19], or severe (>20) (M = 10.01, SD = 5.30, Cronbach's Alpha = 0.84) [18].…”

“…Increases in social isolation led to negative impacts on work activities, nonwork activities, behavior, and overall wellbeing [14,15]. In addition, insomnia was found to mediate the relationships between social isolation and both anxiety and depression [16].…”