COVID-19 Reinfection without Vaccination Vs. with Vaccine: They are not Differentiated by Biological Factors, but by Psycho-Social Variables

Abstract

Background:The clinical-epidemiological differences and their importance regarding public health between cases of COVID-19 reinfection without vaccination and cases of COVID-19 reinfection with 1, 2 or 3 doses of vaccine are not known.Objectives: To compare the clinical-epidemiological characteristics of the cases of COVID-19 reinfection without vaccination with the cases of COVID-19 reinfection with 1, 2 or 3 doses of vaccine, to assess whether there are differences in health utility applicable to clinical work in general medicine.

Does the Booster Vaccination Provide Advantages to Prevent Reinfection Over 1 or 2 Doses of COVID–19 Vaccine?

“…The data sources and methods for this study were described previously [24][25][26][27]. In the current study, a larger series of reinfection cases is included, with a longer follow-up time from March 2020 to September 1, 2022, but the methodology remained unchanged from previous published studies.…”

“…SARS-CoV-2 reinfection was conventionally defined as a documented infection occurring at least 90 days after a previous infection [28][29][30]. The diagnostic criteria for COVID-19, the definitions of vaccination with 1, 2 or 3 doses (booster) have been previously published for this study [24][25][26][27].…”

Risk Factors for Re-Infection of Covid-19 with Fourth Dose versus without Fourth Dose of Bivalent mRNACovid-19 Vaccines

“…An observational, longitudinal and prospective study of Covid-19 reinfections was conducted from March 1, 2020 to July 1, 2023 in a general medicine office in the Santa Maria de Benquerencia Health Center, Toledo, Spain, which has a list of 2,000 patients > 14 years of age (in Spain, the general practitioners [GPs] care for people > 14 years of age, except for exceptions requested by the child's family and accepted by the GP). Some previous data from this cohort have already been published (29)(30)(31).…”