COVID-19 re-infection in Shahroud, Iran: a follow-up study

Zare, Fariba; Teimouri, Maryam; Khosravi, Ahmad; Rohani-Rasaf, Marzieh; Chaman, Reza; Hosseinzadeh, Ali; Atergeleh, Hozhabr Jamali; Binesh, Ehsan; Emamian, Mohammad Hassan

doi:10.1017/s095026882100087x

Cited by 21 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(45 reference statements)

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“…[ 8 , 20 , 21 , 23 , 25 , 28 – 32 , 34 , 36 , 37 ] Six studies reported on 13 hospitalized patients who were reinfected. [ 23 , 25 , 26 , 28 , 35 , 37 ] Among the six studies describing CT values, [ 21 , 23 , 33 , 34 , 36 , 37 ] one had mean CT values of 32.9, [ 33 ] and five had CT values of <30. [ 21 , 23 , 34 , 36 , 37 ]…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinfection rates among patients previously infected by SARS-CoV-2: systematic review and meta-analysis

Mao

Wang

et al. 2021

Chinese Medical Journal

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Background: Asymptomatic or symptomatic infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) can be followed by reinfection. The protection conferred by prior infection among coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients is unclear. We assessed the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 reinfection and the protection effect of previous infection against reinfection. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, and ClinicalTrials.gov for publications up until the end date of May 1, 2021. The reinfection rate of recovered patients and the protection against reinfection were analyzed using meta-analysis. Results: Overall, 19 studies of 1096 reinfection patients were included. The pooled reinfection rate was 0.65% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.39–0.98%). The symptomatic reinfection rate was a bit lower (0.37% [95% CI 0.11–0.78%], I 2 = 99%). The reinfection rate was much higher in high-risk populations (1.59% [95% CI 0.30–3.88%], I 2 = 90%). The protection against reinfection and symptomatic reinfection was similar (87.02% [95% CI 83.22–89.96%] and 87.17% [95% CI 83.09–90.26%], respectively). Conclusions: The rate of reinfection with SARS-CoV-2 is relatively low. The protection against SARS-CoV-2 after natural infection is comparable to that estimated for vaccine efficacy. These data may help guide public health measures and vaccination strategies in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. High-quality clinical studies are needed to establish the relevant risk factors in recovered patients.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reinfection rates among patients previously infected by SARS-CoV-2: systematic review and meta-analysis

Mao

Wang

et al. 2021

Chinese Medical Journal

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“…Depending on the rate and type of immune response, severity and rate of reinfection may vary from society to society [6]. A recently study showed that most people infected with COVID-19 showed antibody response between 10 and 14 days after infection whereas in some mild cases, detection of antibodies requires a long time after symptoms, and in few cases, antibodies are not detected at all.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Severity of COVID-19 reinfection and associated risk factors: findings of a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh

Islam¹,

Riaz

Ashrafi

et al. 2022

Preprint

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Background: COVID-19 reinfected patients suffer from diverse health consequences. Information on the severity of COVID-19 reinfection is scarce. The current study aimed to determine the proportion of COVID-19 reinfection and risk factors associated with its severity. Methods: This cross-sectional study targeted all COVID-19 patients reported in May 2021 at the Health Information Unit (HIU) of the Directorate General of Health Services (DGHS) of Bangladesh. We identified 473 (1.14%) reinfected patients out of 41408 diagnosed cases by reviewing their medical records. Considering the selection criteria and informed consent, we enrolled 404 reinfected patients. Data were collected through telephone interviews and reviewing medical records using a semi-structured questionnaire and a checklist. Results: The majority of the reinfected patients were urban residents (98.0%). Around 13.0% of reinfected patients had <90% oxygen saturation, and 64.0% had an interval of 3-6 months between two attacks. The severity of reinfection included asymptomatic (12.9%), mild (8.9%), moderate (66.3%), and severe (11.9%) forms of infection. An interval of 3-6 months between two attacks had less chance of having mild (AOR=0.031, ρ=0.000), moderate (AOR=0.132, ρ=0.017), and severe (AOR=0.059, ρ=0.002) infections. Patients who maintained physical distance had less chance of moderate-intensity reinfection (AOR=0.137, ρ=0.013), while the vaccinated patients had a higher chance of moderate (AOR=16.127, ρ=0.001) and severe (AOR=3.894, ρ=0.047) intensity reinfection. Conclusion: To avert COVID-19 reinfection and its severity, patients should be vigilant about preventive practices even after recovery. The study suggests vibrant interventions aligned with exposure, physical distancing, vaccination, and comorbidities for mitigating reinfection.

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“…Viral reinfection is not uncommon, and it occurs with several respiratory viral infections. Moreover, reinfection with respiratory viruses may be explained by an insufficient immune response or infection with another genotype or species of virus as well as the diversity of viral serotyping [ 8 ]. There have been several reports from multiple countries of patients having repeat positive tests for SARS-CoV-2 after recovering from COVID-19 [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, reinfection with respiratory viruses may be explained by an insufficient immune response or infection with another genotype or species of virus as well as the diversity of viral serotyping [ 8 ]. There have been several reports from multiple countries of patients having repeat positive tests for SARS-CoV-2 after recovering from COVID-19 [ 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 ]. A case report from South Korea identified 163 patients who had repeat positive test results for SARS-CoV-2 [ 15 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Re-Detected on PCR Test after Discharge from Isolation

Alsahafi

Daajani²,

Osman³

et al. 2021

Clinics and Practice

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There have been multiple reports of patients with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) testing positive for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) after discharge; however, information on the characteristics of such cases is limited. In this case report, we aimed to identify clinical and epidemiological characteristics of patients who had a repeat positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test for SARS-CoV-2. We analyzed data of 22 COVID-19 patients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing after two consecutive negative PCR results following discharge from hospitals. The interval between the two positive tests in the episodes of COVID-19 ranged from 4 to 117 days. More than one-third of the cases were healthcare workers (HCWs) and one-third of them had comorbidities. The main symptoms were cough and fever, and we noticed that males experienced more symptoms and signs of COVID-19 than females. Individuals with repeat SARS-CoV-2 positivity tend to experience milder illness during the second episode than the first episode. To confirm the reinfection of SARS-CoV-2, the results of other tests, such as viral culture and immunological assays of immunoglobulin G (IgG) and immunoglobulin M (IgM), need to be considered. Recovered COVID-19 patients should continue social distancing, using face masks, and practicing hand hygiene, especially HCWs who are more likely to be exposed to SARS-CoV-2.

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COVID-19 re-infection in Shahroud, Iran: a follow-up study

Cited by 21 publications

References 33 publications

Reinfection rates among patients previously infected by SARS-CoV-2: systematic review and meta-analysis

Reinfection rates among patients previously infected by SARS-CoV-2: systematic review and meta-analysis

Severity of COVID-19 reinfection and associated risk factors: findings of a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh

Clinical and Epidemiological Characteristics of COVID-19 Patients with SARS-CoV-2 Re-Detected on PCR Test after Discharge from Isolation

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