COVID-19 pandemic highlights racial health inequities

Johnson-Mann, Crystal; Hassan, Monique; Johnson, Shaneeta

doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(20)30225-4

Cited by 8 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Younger adults with obesity may also be at increased risk compared to those people of a similar age not living with obesity ( 123 ). Lockdown events may have more severe impacts on those living with metabolic dysfunction and obesity, with COVID-19 likely exacerbating pre-existing inequity, racial inequality and the stigma of obesity ( 124 ).…”

Section: Could Uv Light Have Harmful or Beneficial Effects On Covid-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update

Gorman

Weller

2020

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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During the COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) pandemic, researchers have been seeking low-cost and accessible means of providing protection from its harms, particularly for at-risk individuals such as those with cardiovascular disease, diabetes and obesity. One possible way is via safe sun exposure, and/or dietary supplementation with induced beneficial mediators (e.g., vitamin D). In this narrative review, we provide rationale and updated evidence on the potential benefits and harms of sun exposure and ultraviolet (UV) light that may impact COVID-19. We review recent studies that provide new evidence for any benefits (or otherwise) of UV light, sun exposure, and the induced mediators, vitamin D and nitric oxide, and their potential to modulate morbidity and mortality induced by infection with SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory disease coronavirus-2). We identified substantial interest in this research area, with many commentaries and reviews already published; however, most of these have focused on vitamin D, with less consideration of UV light (or sun exposure) or other mediators such as nitric oxide. Data collected to-date suggest that ambient levels of both UVA and UVB may be beneficial for reducing severity or mortality due to COVID-19, with some inconsistent findings. Currently unresolved are the nature of the associations between blood 25-hydroxyvitamin D and COVID-19 measures, with more prospective data needed that better consider lifestyle factors, such as physical activity and personal sun exposure levels. Another short-coming has been a lack of measurement of sun exposure, and its potential to influence COVID-19 outcomes. We also discuss possible mechanisms by which sun exposure, UV light and induced mediators could affect COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, by focusing on likely effects on viral pathogenesis, immunity and inflammation, and potential cardiometabolic protective mechanisms. Finally, we explore potential issues including the impacts of exposure to high dose UV radiation on COVID-19 and vaccination, and effective and safe doses for vitamin D supplementation.

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Section: Could Uv Light Have Harmful or Beneficial Effects On Covid-1mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update

Gorman

Weller

2020

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

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“…In the context of COVID-19, those with underlying medical problems like cardiovascular disease, diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and cancer are more likely to develop serious illness after contracting the virus (WHO, 2020a). As such pre-existing health conditions are more prevalent in disadvantaged groups, this puts them at higher risk of COVID-19-associated mortality (Ahmed, Ahmed, Pissarides, et al, 2020; Johnson-Mann et al, 2020). However, less is currently known about how inequality factors affect the psychological health of disadvantaged populations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The impact of inequality on mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review.

Gibson

Schneider

Talamonti

et al. 2021

Canadian Psychology / Psychologie canadienne

102

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Previous research on pandemics and emergencies has shown that such events often widen health inequalities in society and have a greater impact on socially disadvantaged groups. No review has so far looked at the impact of inequality factors on mental health outcomes during the novel coronavirus outbreak (COVID-19). The aim of the current review was therefore to assess the impact of inequality factors on mental health outcomes during COVID-19. After registration on PROSPERO, a systematic review was conducted for papers published up to July 31, 2020, using the databases Google Scholar, PsycINFO, PubMed (MEDLINE), and Web of Science. The following inequality factors were considered: education, income, employment, occupation, material and social deprivation, age, immigrant status, sexual orientation, functional health, cultural/racial background, sex, gender, and place of residence. Out of 1,931 references, 117 studies (300,061 participants) were included. Female sex, being of a younger age, financial insecurity, lack of access to clear messaging/information about the pandemic, proximity to large infection sites, having existing physical and/or psychological health conditions, and being subjected to abuse/stigma because of one’s identity as a member of an ethnic or sexual marginalized group predicted mental health inequalities. More research is required on how inequality affects mental health in less studied vulnerable populations, such as ethnic, sexual, and gender marginalized participants, as well as how inequality factors interact to affect mental health in the long term. Recommendations for researchers, mental health practitioners, and public health authorities for mitigating adverse mental health outcomes in vulnerable populations are outlined.

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“…Within this pandemic, it is possible to highlight the equity gap for marginalized groups in the face of society, especially for the Black community, which, as noted, is the population that has shown the greatest increase in the morbidity and mortality indicators due to COVID-19 when compared the population of other races. [ 13 ]…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The association between race and risk of illness and death due to COVID-19

Souza¹,

Silva²,

Nunes³

et al. 2020

Medicine

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Background: The Corona Virus Disease, 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic revealed many social disparities that already exist in countries that have social inequalities in their historical context. Studies have already been published on the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of population groups considered to be at risk where they reveal that Black people are at greater risk of becoming ill and dying from this cause. In this context, this protocol describes a systematic review that aims to analyze the association of race as the higher risk for illness and death due to COVID-19. Methods: This protocol will be developed based on the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-P). For this, we will conduct searches in the PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Lilacs, and ScienceDirect databases in the search for cross-sectional studies. All cross-sectional studies that analyzed hospitalization and death by COVID-19 as race in its determinant will be included. The search will be carried out by 2 independent researchers who will carry out the selection of articles, then the duplicate studies will be removed and screened using the Rayyan QCRI application. To assess the risk of bias, the instrument proposed by Downs and Black will be used. Meta-analyzes and subgroup analyzes will be carried out according to included data conditions. Results: Based on this review, it will be possible to carry out a high-quality synthesis of available evidence that brings race as a factor for illness and death by COVID-19 and to verify which race is most affected by this disease. Conclusion: The relevance of this systematic review to the current context is considered, as it has a high potential to assist in the development of public health strategies and policies that address existing racial differences. Record of systematic review: CRD42020208767.

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COVID-19 pandemic highlights racial health inequities

Cited by 8 publications

References 3 publications

Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update

Investigating the Potential for Ultraviolet Light to Modulate Morbidity and Mortality From COVID-19: A Narrative Review and Update

The impact of inequality on mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review.

The association between race and risk of illness and death due to COVID-19

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