COVID-19 Pandemic, Climate Change, and Conflicts on Agriculture: A Trio of Challenges to Global Food Security

Abstract

Global food security is a worldwide concern. Food insecurity is a significant threat to poverty and hunger eradication goals. Agriculture is one of the focal points in the global policy agenda. Increases in agricultural productivity through the incorporation of technological advances or expansion of cultivable land areas have been pushed forward. However, production growth has slowed in many parts of the world due to various endemic challenges, such as decreased investment in agricultural research, lack of infrastructure in rural areas, and increasing water scarcity. Climate change adversities in agriculture and food security are increasing. Recently, the COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected global food supply chains. Economic and social instability from the pandemic contribute to long-term disturbances. Additionally, conflicts such as war directly affect agriculture by environmental degradation, violence, and breaches of national and international trade agreements. A combination of food security and climate change challenges along with increased conflicts among nations and post-COVID-19 social and economic issues bring bigger and more serious threats to agriculture. This necessitates the strategic design of policies through multifaceted fields regarding food systems. In this comprehensive review, we explore how these three challenging factors, COVID-19, climate change, and conflicts, are interrelated, and how they affect food security. We discuss the impact of these issues on the agricultural sector, plus possible ways of preventing or overcoming such adverse effects.

The Impact of Urban–Rural Integration on Food Security: Evidence from Provincial Panel Data in China

“…The progressive inclusion of control variables and the specific control for year or province fixed effects in models (2-6) confirm that urban-rural integration significantly enhances food security at the 1% significance level. Notably, the findings in column (6) elucidate that each unit increase in urban-rural integration level corresponds to a 0.154 increase in food security level, highlighting the beneficial role of urban-rural integration in strengthening food security. Moreover, the incorporation of relevant control variables demonstrates meaningful adjustments in the coefficient of urban-rural integration level, maintaining a robust positive correlation and refining the model's fit.…”

“…Utilizing stepwise regression, Table 5 presents the benchmark regression results on the impact of urban-rural integration on food security, revealing a significantly positive effect across models (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6), indicating statistical significance. The progressive inclusion of control variables and the specific control for year or province fixed effects in models (2-6) confirm that urban-rural integration significantly enhances food security at the 1% significance level.…”

“…The realm of food security, marked by inherent complexity and dynamism, is influenced by a confluence of factors, including global pandemics, geopolitical strife, and climatic volatility, which have introduced challenges on an unprecedented scale [5,6]. In China, significant advances have been achieved in food production, supply chains, and agricultural economic development.…”

Respons pertumbuhan dan hasil tanaman kedelai hitam (Glycine max (L) Merril) terhadap berbagai konsentrasi biourine dan pupuk KCl

“…Selanjutnya disusul provinsi Sulawesi Tengah 10,21 ribu ton, NTB 9,73 ribu ton, Sumatera Utara 8,03 ribu ton, DI Yogyakarta 7,28 ribu ton, Kalimantan Selatan 6,11 ribu ton, dan Jambi 4,63 ribu ton (Databoks, 2022) Produksi kedelai di Indonesia yang belum stabil karena sentra penghasil kedelai masih berpusat pada daerah penghasil kedelai misalnya di Pulau Jawa, sementara pada daerah lain kedelai hanya dijadikan sebagai tanaman selingan. Selain itu faktor perbahan iklim juga mempengaruhi produktivitas tanaman pangan (Paudel et al, 2023). Usaha untuk menghasilkan produktivitas tanaman yaitu memperhatikan kebutuhan nutrisi tanaman yakni dengan pemupukan.…”

The Impact of COVID-19 Lockdown on West Romanian Crop Production in 2020

“…The COVID-19 pandemic, climate change, and conflict do not just distort food supply, food prices, and consumption; their effects are not static but sequential, dynamic, and long-term, as researchers on global food security warn [43]. The number of negative impacts on the primary sector in Italy, particularly during the first quarter of the health crisis, and the effects on agricultural production and food processing were considered unprecedented and extended to the food and wine export and tourism sectors [44].…”