Covid-19 Pandemic and Its Impact on Perinatal Outcomes Between Symptomatic and Asymptomatic Women

Abstract

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been increasing among pregnant women worldwide. Its impact on maternal, fetal, and neonatal health is still scarce in the published literature. As a routine COVID-19 prenatal screening has been established for all women requiring hospitalization, it is not clear whether symptomatic women carry worse pregnancy outcomes than those without symptoms. We aimed to analyze perinatal outcomes between symptomatic and asymptomatic women admitted to our center. Materials and Methods. A single-center retrospective cohort study was conducted for fourteen months. All pregnant women with positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) test results for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were enrolled, and their perinatal outcomes were analyzed in two groups based on whether they were symptomatic or not. e primary outcomes were composite adverse fetal, neonatal, and maternal outcomes and their comparison between study groups. Results. Out of 209 included COVID-19 positive pregnant women, 62 (30%) presented with one or more infection-related symptoms. Symptomatic women were older, multiparous, carried ≥1 comorbid condition, and attained infection at earlier gestational age (44% vs. 28%; 82% vs. 69%; 28% vs. 16%; and 34 vs. 36 weeks, respectively) (p < 0.05), when compared to asymptomatic women, respectively. Maternal composite adverse outcomes were higher in the symptomatic group and showed either one or more outcomes, positive chest radiological ndings, requiring hospitalization with oxygen supplementation, or maternal death (8% vs. 0.7%) (p < 0.05). Composite fetal and neonatal adverse outcomes such as miscarriage, fetal or neonatal death, admission to neonatal intensive care unit, and neonatal COVID-19 infection were not statistically signi cant (p > 0.05) between symptomatic and asymptomatic women. Conclusion. COVID-19 infection among symptomatic pregnant women may carry a higher risk for adverse maternal outcomes. It may be associated with their advanced age and comorbid conditions. Maternal infection-associated symptoms per se likely do not pose an increased risk for adverse fetal or neonatal outcomes.

A Literature Review of Advanced Maternal Age in Pregnant Women with COVID-19

“…Another study in Cameroon reported 64% of pregnant women with COVID-19 were 25-35 years old (Dingom et al, 2020). On the contrary, out of 12 articles in this study, two stated the higher portion of COVID-19 cases in pregnancy was in the AMA group (Babic et al, 2022;Minisha et al, 2022). This might be explained by social factors, such as the likelihood that older women will encounter sick older relatives and children who are left in their care at home (Minisha et al, 2022).…”

“…Over the past ten years, the trend of delaying childbearing has become more prevalent, particularly in developed nations (Mills & Lavender, 2011). According to the Indonesia Demographic Health Survey (IDHS), this circumstance also occurred in Indonesia in 2013 (BKKBN, BPS, KEMENKES., 2013). AMA can increase the risk of adverse maternal outcomes such as stillbirth, preeclampsia, preterm birth, and fetal distress (Cavazos-Rehg et al, 2015).…”