COVID-19 Outbreak: Pathogenesis, Current Therapies, and Potentials for Future Management

Hossain, Farhad; Hasana, Sharifa; Mamun, Abdullah Al; Uddin, Sahab; Wahed, Mir Imam Ibne; Sarker, Sabarni; Behl, Tapan; Ullah, Irfan; Begum, Yesmin; Bulbul, Israt Jahan; Amran, Shah; Rahman, Habibur; Bin-Jumah, May; Alkahtani, Saad A.; Mousa, Shaker A.; Aleya, Lotfi; Abdel-Daim, Mohamed M.

doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.563478

Cited by 47 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 289 publications

(346 reference statements)

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“…Overall, no differences were found in blood inflammatory cell counts between COVID-19 patients and controls ( Table 2 ). Blood lymphocyte count was significantly lower, and blood IL-10 levels significantly higher in COVID-19 patients who died during the study period, compared to control patients [0.67 (0.47, 0.78) vs. 1.12 (0.52, 1.73) cells x10 3 /μl, p < 0.05; 33 (18, 53) vs. 7 ( 2 , 9 ) pg/ml, p < 0.001, respectively].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Clinically, it is generally characterized by an interstitial pneumonia that can lead to impaired gas-exchange, acute respiratory failure and death ( 1 ). The pathogenesis is complex and a variable combination of hyper-inflammatory responses and alterations in the coagulation asset have been described in critically hill patients ( 2 , 3 ). Understanding the immune-inflammatory mechanisms related to the clinical manifestations of COVID-19 can guide the identification of potential pharmacological targets.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Blood Interferon-α Levels and Severity, Outcomes, and Inflammatory Profiles in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

et al. 2021

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Background: Deficient interferon responses have been proposed as one of the relevant mechanisms prompting severe manifestations of COVID-19.Objective: To evaluate the interferon (IFN)-α levels in a cohort of COVID-19 patients in relation to severity, evolution of the clinical manifestations and immune/inflammatory profile.Methods: This is prospective study recruiting consecutive hospitalized patients with respiratory failure associated with SARS-COV-2 infection and matched controls. After enrollment, patients were assessed every 7 ± 2 days for additional 2 consecutive visits, for a total of 21 days. The severity of the clinical condition was ranked based on the level of respiratory support required. At each time-point blood samples were obtained to assess immune cells and mediators by multiplex immunoassay.Results: Fifty-four COVD-19 and 11 control patients matched for severity were enrolled. At recruitment, lower levels of blood IFN-α were found in COVID-19 patients compared to controls (3.8-fold difference, p < 0.01). Improvements in COVID-19 severity were paralleled by a significant increase of blood IFN-α levels. A significant increase in blood IFN-α was found over the study period in survivors (70% of the study population). A similar trend was found for blood IFN-β with IFN-β levels below the threshold of detectability in a substantial proportion of subjects. Significantly higher values of blood lymphocytes and lower levels of IL-10 were found at each time point in patients who survived compared to patients who died. In patients who clinically improved and survived during the study, we found an inverse association between IL-10 and IFN-α levels.Conclusion: The study identifies a blood immune profile defined by deficient IFN-α levels associated with increased IL-10 expression in patients progressing to severe/life threatening COVID-19 conditions, suggesting the involvement of immunological pathways that could be target of pharmacological intervention.Clinical Trial Registration:ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT04343053.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Interferon-α Levels and Severity, Outcomes, and Inflammatory Profiles in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

et al. 2021

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“…Strategies have also been designed to support the most seriously ill and to prevent deaths. Some interventions such as hydroxychloroquine, antivirals, macrolides, convalescent plasma, and steroids have not significantly impacted mortality reduction [ 6 ]. To date, there is no specific treatment for SARS-CoV-2 infection, which continues circulating widely while threatening to become endemic.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perception of COVID-19 Vaccination Amongst Physicians in Colombia

et al. 2021

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Introduction: The SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 pandemic has triggered the need to develop rapidly effective and safe vaccines to prevent infection, particularly in those at-risk populations such as medical personnel. This study’s objective was to assess the perception of COVID-19 vaccination amongst Colombian physicians featuring two different scenarios of COVID-19 vaccination. Methods: A cross-sectional analytical study was carried out through an online survey directed at medical staff in several cities in Colombia. The percentage of physicians who have a positive perception to be vaccinated and the associated factors that determine that decision were determined. A binomial regression analysis adjusted for age and sex was carried out, taking as a dependent variable the acceptance of free vaccination with an effectiveness of 60 and 80%. The most significant factors were determined in the non-acceptance of vaccination. Results: Between 77.0% and 90.7% of physicians in Colombia accept COVID-19 vaccination, according to the scenario evaluated where the vaccine’s effectiveness was 60 or 80%, respectively. Medical specialty, having never paid for a vaccine, recommending the administration of the vaccine to their parents or people over 70 years, and dispensing the vaccine to their children, were the factors to consider to be vaccinated for free with an effectiveness of 60% and 80%. Conclusions: There is a high perception of the intention to vaccinate physicians in Colombia against COVID-19, and this is very similar to that of the general population.

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“…COronaVIrus Disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome CoronaVirus 2) which is able to enter the human cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor [1]. COVID-19 mainly affects the lower respiratory tract and causes flu-like symptoms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…COVID-19 mainly affects the lower respiratory tract and causes flu-like symptoms. In severe cases, COVID-19 may cause interstitial pneumonia that may evolve in acute respiratory distress syndrome and death [1]. However, it has been recently demonstrated that COVID-19 may have widespread effects throughout the body with several clinical manifestations including the endocrine organs which can be impaired by different mechanisms, such as direct virus damage to the gland or to an indirect effect on the hypothalamus-pituitary gland axis, systemic inflammation due to the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, vascular derangement and autoimmune reactions [2,3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review

Giovanella

Ruggeri

Ovčariček³

et al. 2021

Clin Transl Imaging

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Purpose Currently, there is an increasing interest regarding the impact of COVID-19 on the thyroid function. As several recent reports have described the onset of thyroid dysfunction in patients diagnosed with COVID-19, we performed a systematic review to assess the prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 as this information could be clinically relevant for the management of these patients. Methods A comprehensive computer literature search using PubMed/Medline and Cochrane databases was performed until November 14, 2020 to search original articles evaluating thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19 patients. Information about thyroid dysfunction assessed by thyroid function test was retrieved by the eligible articles. Qualitative analysis (systematic review) only was performed whether a significant heterogeneity of data was detected. Results Seven studies including 1237 patients with COVID-19 were included. A significant heterogeneity across the studies was found. Most COVID-19 patients were euthyroid with TSH levels in the normal range (from 44 to 94% of the COVID-19 patients assessed in the included studies). The prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in COVID-19 patients (defined as abnormal thyroid function tests) largely varies among the included studies between 13 and 64% of COVID-19 patients as well as clinical presentation. A positive correlation between thyroid dysfunction and clinical severity of COVID-19 was reported. Conclusion Literature data show that thyroid dysfunction is present in a significant percentage of patients with COVID-19. Assessment of thyroid function may be considered in symptomatic COVID-19 patients to have a baseline before introducing thyroid-interfering drugs and those requiring high-intensity care. Further, well-designed studies are needed to better elucidate the impact of COVID-19 on thyroid function and inform thyroid function testing and thyroid dysfunction management in COVID-19 patients.

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COVID-19 Outbreak: Pathogenesis, Current Therapies, and Potentials for Future Management

Cited by 47 publications

References 289 publications

Blood Interferon-α Levels and Severity, Outcomes, and Inflammatory Profiles in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Blood Interferon-α Levels and Severity, Outcomes, and Inflammatory Profiles in Hospitalized COVID-19 Patients

Perception of COVID-19 Vaccination Amongst Physicians in Colombia

Prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in patients with COVID-19: a systematic review

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