“…Moreover, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, B cells, and CD4 + T cells related genes were all up-regulated in infected mice as was also observed in COVID-19 patients ( Figure S2C) (Bost et al, 2020). These results indicated that SARS-CoV-2 infection induces very similar immune processes in both mice and humans (Bost et al, 2020;Chua et al, 2020;Liao et al, 2020;Zhu et al, 2020) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ), the cell hydrogen carrier for redox enzymes, plays important roles in multiple metabolic pathways (Miller et al, 2020;Nasi et al, 2020;Omran and Almaliki, 2020). We recently found that PARPs, one of main NAD + -responsive signaling family, were signi cantly up-regulated while NAD + levels were substantially reduced in Zika virus infected mouse brains (Pang et al, manuscript submitted).…”