COVID-19 mRNA vaccine induced antibody responses against three SARS-CoV-2 variants

Jalkanen, Pinja; Kolehmainen, Pekka; Häkkinen, Hanni K.; Huttunen, Moona; Tähtinen, Paula A.; Lundberg, Rickard; Maljanen, Sari; Reinholm, Arttu; Tauriainen, Sisko; Pakkanen, Sari H.; Levonen, Iris; Nousiainen, Arttu; Miller, Taru; Välimaa, Hanna; Ivaska, Lauri; Pasternack, Arja; Naves, Rauno; Ritvos, Olli; Österlund, Pamela; Kuivanen, Suvi; Smura, Teemu; Hepojoki, Jussi; Vapalahti, Olli; Lempainen, Johanna; Kakkola, Laura; Kantele, Anu; Julkunen, Ilkka

doi:10.1038/s41467-021-24285-4

Cited by 249 publications

(235 citation statements)

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“…Recent reports have shown vaccine recipients with pre-existing immunity to develop systemic side effects more frequently than those without [25] . The mRNA vaccine-induced antibody levels were higher in subjects with more systemic side effects and the severity of vaccination's side effect was proposed to be a surrogate indicator of short-term antibody responses [4] . Antibody levels have been also reported lower in SARS-CoV-2 infected asymptomatic individuals, suggesting more severe symptoms to correlate with stronger antibody responses [ 12 , 26 , 27 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The short-term studies with Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA vaccines have reported weaker immune responses and a higher number of non-responders among older people after the two-dose vaccination with Comirnaty vaccine [1] , [2] , [3] , [4] . Nevertheless, one study failed to show a significant correlation between age and antibody response after the second vaccination but found a lower magnitude of memory B cell responses with increased age [5] highlighting a need for further studies to understand the age-related responses to mRNA vaccination and to monitor for longer periods than less than one month.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dynamics of antibody response to BNT162b2 vaccine after six months: a longitudinal prospective study

Naaber

Tserel

Kangro

et al. 2021

The Lancet Regional Health - Europe

475

423

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Background SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines have proven high efficacy, however, limited data exists on the duration of immune responses and their relation to age and side effects. Methods We studied the antibody and memory T cell responses after the two-dose BNT162b2 vaccine in 122 volunteers up to 6 months and correlated the findings with age and side effects. Findings We found a robust antibody response to Spike protein after the second dose. However, the antibody levels declined at 12 weeks and 6 months post-vaccination, indicating a waning of the immune response over time. At 6 months after the second dose, the Spike antibody levels were similar to the levels in persons vaccinated with one dose or in COVID-19 convalescent individuals. The antibodies efficiently blocked ACE2 receptor binding to SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein of five variants of concern at one week but this was decreased at three months. 87% of individuals developed Spike-specific memory T cell responses, which were lower in individuals with increased proportions of immunosenescent CD8 + TEMRA cells. We found antibody response to correlate negatively with age and positively with the total score of vaccination side effects. Interpretation The mRNA vaccine induces a strong antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 and five VOCs at 1 week post-vaccination that decreases thereafter. T cell responses, although detectable in the majority, were lower in individuals with higher T cell immunosenescence. The deterioration of vaccine response suggests the need to monitor for the potential booster vaccination.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamics of antibody response to BNT162b2 vaccine after six months: a longitudinal prospective study

Naaber

Tserel

Kangro

et al. 2021

The Lancet Regional Health - Europe

475

423

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…This underlines the need to maintain the other measures of protection, particularly as variants persist, representing new challenges. Recent evidence shows that circulating IgG- and IgA- targeting the viral S protein declined over time, after the second dose of the SARS-CoV-2 mRNA-based vaccination [ 28 , 29 ]. Conversely, it has also been demonstrated that a prolonged germinal centre B cell response is induced, enabling a generation of robust humoral immunity [ 30 , 31 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of Full Vaccination with mRNA BNT162b2 on SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Genomic and Subgenomic Viral RNAs Detection in Nasopharyngeal Swab and Saliva of Health Care Workers

et al. 2021

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SARS-CoV-2 infection was monitored in 1898 health care workers (HCWs) after receiving full vaccination with BNT162b2. Untill 30 June 2021, 10 HCWs tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 using real time RT-PCR, resulting in a 4-month cumulative incidence of 0.005%. The infection was mildly symptomatic in six (60%) and asymptomatic in four (40%) individuals. Among the infected HCWs, eight consenting individuals provided paired NPS and saliva during the course of infection, for the purpose of the analysis performed in the present study. Genomic and subgenomic viral RNAs were investigated using real-time RT-PCR in both biological specimens. The temporal profile of viral load was measured using ddPCR. Viral mutations were also analysed. Subgenomic viral RNA was detected in 8/8 (100%) NPS and in 6/8 (75%) saliva specimens at the baseline. The expression of subgenomic RNA was observed for up to 7 days in 3/8 (38%) symptomatic cases. Moreover, concordance was observed between NPS and saliva in the detection of viral mutations, and both N501Y and 69/70del (associated with the B.1.1.7 variant) were detected in the majority 6/8 (75%) of subjects, while the K417T mutation (associated with the P.1-type variants) was detected in 2/8 (25%) individuals. Overall, our findings report a low frequency of infected HCWs after full vaccination. It is, therefore, important to monitor the vaccinees in order to identify asymptomatic infected individuals. Saliva can be a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 surveillance, particularly in social settings such as hospitals.

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“…Two doses of Pfizer's BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine (BNT162b2) induce cross-neutralization of at least some of the circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants, according to a study published in Nature Communications. 51 Dr. Scott Gottlieb, former FDA commissioner, said that the Johnson & Johnson vaccine, which shows a vaccine efficacy of 66.9%, 14 days after administration, appears to be 60% effective against the Delta variant. Indeed, the Ad26.COV2.…”

Section: Dovepressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Overview of the Main Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Mechanism of Action, Efficacy and Safety

Mascellino¹,

Timoteo²,

Angelis³

et al. 2021

IDR

204

221

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This review takes into consideration the principal vaccines developed against the SARS-CoV-2 in this unprecedented period of Covid-19 pandemic. We evaluated the mechanism of action of each vaccine as well as the efficacy, the safety and the storage temperature. In addition, the problem of the dose units, the vaccinal strategy, the activity of alternative compounds such as the monoclonal antibodies and especially the issue of the virus variants were also described in detail. Four vaccines are currently used in Italy: Pfizer-BioNTech mRNA BNT162b2 (Comirnaty) (USA), Moderna mRNA 1273 (USA), Astra-Zeneca ChAdOx1-S (recombinant) viral vector adenovirus belonging to Oxford (UK) and Pomezia (Italy), Janssen (two recombinant viral vector adenoviruses) belonging to Johnson & Johnson (USA). The efficacy of Pfizer and Moderna for preventing disease or severe disease results 95-87.5% and 94.5-100%, respectively. The efficacy of Astra-Zeneca and Janssen is about 70% and 65%, respectively; in the case of Janssen, it depends on the geographical area ranging from 72% to 57%. The problem of the administrated doses (one dose, two doses from the same vaccine or from different vaccines, half dose) is also discussed. The vaccination strategy based on the age group remains the simplest, most transparent and fair criterion. This strategy is also based on accelerating the administration of the vaccines, so that as many subjects as possible can be vaccinated quickly for achieving the "herd immunity". The monoclonal antibodies appeared to be a valid solution for the treatment of Covid-19 disease. Two antibodies (bamlanivimab and etesevimab) have just been approved by the FDA. They could also be used for the infection by virus variants which represent a big problem due to their higher transmissibility and virulence and to their lower response to the vaccines.

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COVID-19 mRNA vaccine induced antibody responses against three SARS-CoV-2 variants

Cited by 249 publications

References 51 publications

Dynamics of antibody response to BNT162b2 vaccine after six months: a longitudinal prospective study

Dynamics of antibody response to BNT162b2 vaccine after six months: a longitudinal prospective study

Impact of Full Vaccination with mRNA BNT162b2 on SARS-CoV-2 Infection: Genomic and Subgenomic Viral RNAs Detection in Nasopharyngeal Swab and Saliva of Health Care Workers

Overview of the Main Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Vaccines: Mechanism of Action, Efficacy and Safety

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