COVID-19 infection in patients with sarcoidosis: susceptibility and clinical outcomes

Abstract

Purpose of reviewPatients with sarcoidosis may be at higher risk of coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) as over 90% of the patients have pulmonary involvement and many are treated with immunosuppressive agents. This review will summarize the current literature regarding sarcoidosis and COVID-19, with a particular focus on susceptibility, clinical outcomes, management, and approach to vaccination. Recent findingsData about COVID-19 and sarcoidosis include a number of case series and reports, cohort studies, and registries. Literature is not conclusive whether patients with sarcoidosis have increased susceptibility to COVID-19. Patients with moderate to severe impaired pulmonary function may be at increased risk of adverse outcomes and mortality. Whether immunosuppressive medication increases risk of COVID-19 severity or affects vaccination response is not yet clear. Novel approaches, such as telemedicine and home monitoring programs, are promising to ensure continuity of care for patients with sarcoidosis during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Nutritional Status, Selected Nutrients Intake and Their Relationship with the Concentration of Ghrelin and Adiponectin in Patients with Diabetic Nephropathy

“…Therefore, it is possible that visceral fat loss can increase adiponectin levels in overweight subjects [14]. It should be emphasized that though hypoadiponectinemia is an important risk factor for metabolic disorders [13,21], adiponectin levels are higher in CKD patients and have been associated with CKD progression [12,16,[19][20][21]. Song et al speculate that serum adiponectin is a biomarker of renal dysfunction rather than a true risk factor, intimately involved in CKD progression [21].…”

“…The factors related to both metabolic disorders, including obesity and chronic kidney disease, are adiponectin and ghrelin. Adiponectin is a cytokine produced by adipose tissue [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. It is cleared rapidly from the circulation primarily by the liver, involving in part the biliary route, and secondarily by the kidneys [12][13][14]16].…”

“…Adiponectin is a cytokine produced by adipose tissue [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. It is cleared rapidly from the circulation primarily by the liver, involving in part the biliary route, and secondarily by the kidneys [12][13][14]16].…”

“…It has been found that adiponectin receptor ADIPOR1 and catalytic AMPK subunits are expressed in the cells constituting the glomerulus [12,14,17,[20][21][22]. Renal tubular cells can express and secrete adiponectin, which may contribute to some extent to the total amount of urinary adiponectin [12,[14][15][16]. Serum adiponectin levels are significantly lower in type 2 diabetes (T2D), obesity, metabolic syndrome, and atherosclerosis.…”

“…Despite high prevalence of metabolic disorders (e.g., insulin resistance) patients with renal disease have paradoxically higher serum adiponectin levels than subjects with normal kidney function [12,13,23]. What is more, elevated adiponectin concentration in established chronic kidney disease positively predict progression of disease [13,16,[18][19][20][21]23], what can be associated with the fact that kidneys express and secrete adiponectin which is increased upon inflammatory stimulus [15,[19][20][21].…”