Abstract:Introduction
Oral candidiasis is an oral mucosal infection caused by
Candida
sp. This infection can appear in patients with HIV/AIDS associated with immunodeficiency. Another factor that can aggravate the occurrence of oral candidiasis is the COVID-19 infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus as a current pandemic condition. This case report aims to explain the mechanism of COVID-19 infection as a factor that can aggravate the condition of oral candidiasis in HIV/AIDS pat… Show more
“…In therapeutics, NYS has been employed for many years, demonstrating its safety and efficacy with good pharmacological action; however, few relevant adverse effects are reported. More recently, NYS has been used more frequently due to the increase in the number of cases of candidiasis in patients with neoplasms, HV, and other systemic disorders, including COVID-19 [9,[36][37][38]. Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of NYS.…”
Section: Nystatin (Nys)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Each tablet has 500,000 IU, which should be applied 3 times a day for 7 to 14 days [40]. Nystatin oral suspension is usually administered for mild to moderate conditions, and swallowing the suspension can impact the liver's function [38].…”
Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection usually related to predisposing factors. Oral manifestations in patients affected by COVID-19 have been reported, as the oral mucosa is the gateway to this viral infection. Xerostomia, as well as other oral symptoms, are predisposing factors for the emergence of oral candidiasis after the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a common pathology, but fatal if left untreated. Nystatin (NYS) is the drug of first choice in the treatment of oral candidiasis. Herein, we reviewed the epidemiology of oral candidiasis and its treatments, focusing on the mechanism of action, dosage forms, and NYS efficacy. NYS is an effective drug against oral candidiasis and belongs to Class IV of the biopharmaceutical classification system; however, its low solubility and low permeability may compromise its availability in the oral cavity and, consequently, its pharmacological action. Future perspectives to overcome drug limitations were also addressed and discussed in our review.
“…In therapeutics, NYS has been employed for many years, demonstrating its safety and efficacy with good pharmacological action; however, few relevant adverse effects are reported. More recently, NYS has been used more frequently due to the increase in the number of cases of candidiasis in patients with neoplasms, HV, and other systemic disorders, including COVID-19 [9,[36][37][38]. Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of NYS.…”
Section: Nystatin (Nys)mentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Each tablet has 500,000 IU, which should be applied 3 times a day for 7 to 14 days [40]. Nystatin oral suspension is usually administered for mild to moderate conditions, and swallowing the suspension can impact the liver's function [38].…”
Oral candidiasis is an opportunistic infection usually related to predisposing factors. Oral manifestations in patients affected by COVID-19 have been reported, as the oral mucosa is the gateway to this viral infection. Xerostomia, as well as other oral symptoms, are predisposing factors for the emergence of oral candidiasis after the COVID-19 pandemic. It is a common pathology, but fatal if left untreated. Nystatin (NYS) is the drug of first choice in the treatment of oral candidiasis. Herein, we reviewed the epidemiology of oral candidiasis and its treatments, focusing on the mechanism of action, dosage forms, and NYS efficacy. NYS is an effective drug against oral candidiasis and belongs to Class IV of the biopharmaceutical classification system; however, its low solubility and low permeability may compromise its availability in the oral cavity and, consequently, its pharmacological action. Future perspectives to overcome drug limitations were also addressed and discussed in our review.
“…The global government has implemented remedies and measures, yet it is unable to stop deaths (Hapid & Dewi, 2023). Thousands of people have died as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic worldwide, regardless of their age, gender, religion, or nationality.…”
As a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, infected individuals have spread far and fatally affected a significant number of people. Indonesia is fearful and nervous about getting COVID-19. Even when COVID-19 patients have passed away, the virus can still spread to others who come into contact with a dead body. The qualitative, statutory, and normative research approach used to write this thesis is library research (library research) based on secondary sources. A qualitative investigation was carried out on the numerous documentary studies that have been done, which were done by looking through and perusing a variety of literature. Qualitative data is descriptive in nature, meaning it is gathered using words rather than statistics. The study's findings indicate that managing Muslim bodies infected with Covid-19 differs from handling corpses in general and calls for specific handling in accordance with MUI fatwa no. 18 of 2020 for managing the bodies of Muslims infected with Covid-19, in order to prevent infection of the general public and law enforcement personnel performing their duties.
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